Residential Segregation: Empirical Evidence of the Influence of Human Capital in the City of Armenia, Colombia
Main Article Content
Keywords
Spatial Econometrics, Human Capital, Residential Segregation
Abstract
This study simultaneously analyzes residential segregation and human capital composition for the city of Armenia (Colombia). In addition, questions about the existence of polar groups in terms of labor force qualification are raised. Thus,
based on census data for 2018, indices of residential segregation increased were calculated by spatial effects and spatial econometric models. The results show that the endowments of human capital in the labor market have spatial externalities among the sectors in this city.
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References
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ANSELIN L. (1988), Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Geographical Analysis, 20: 1–17.
ANSELIN L. (1993), The Moran scatterplot as an ESDA tool to assess local instability in spatial association. Regional Research Institute. 111-125. Doi: 10.1201/9780203739051-8
ANSELIN L. (1995), Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geographical Analysis. 27: 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
ANSELIN L. (2019), A local indicator of multivariate spatial association: extending Geary’s c. Geographical Analysis, 51: 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12164
ARROYO J, PINZÓN L, MORA J, GÓMEZ D, CENDALES A. (2016), Afrocolombianos discriminación y segregación espacial de la calidad del empleo para Cali. Cuadernos de Economía. 35: 753-783. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v35n69.54347.
BAYÓN M, SARAVÍ G. (2018), Place, class interaction, and urban segregation: experiencing inequality in Mexico City. Space and Culture. 21: 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217734540.
CARDONA L, MORALES L. (2015), Efectos laborales de los servicios de cuidado infantil: evidencia del programa Buen Comienzo. Borradores de economía. Working paper.
COLOMBO K, MESSINA P. (2012), Identificación y caracterización de la pobreza en unidades espaciales de Montevideo y Área Metropolitana. In: Vulnerabilidad y exclusión: Aportes para las políticas sociales, 4. Uruguay Social Red temática Desarrollo, Desigualdad y Protección Social en Uruguay. Universidad de la República. Montevideo: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social.
DUREAU F, CONTRERAS Y, CYMBALISTA R, LE REUX G, PIRON M. (2015), Evolución de la intensidad y de las escalas de la segregación residencial desde los años 1990: un análisis comparativo. En, Dureau F (Eds) Movilidades y cambio urbano Bogotá, Santiago y Sao Paulo. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
DE QUEIROZ L, RODRIGUES J, CORRÊA F. (2017), Segregation and occupational inequalities. In: de Queiroz, Ribeiro L (eds) Urban Transformations in Rio de Janeiro. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Springer, Cham.
DUNCAN O, DUNCAN B. (1955), Residential distribution and occupational stratification. American Journal of Sociology. 60: 493–503. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2772537.
ELHORST J, HALLECK S. (2013), On spatial econometric models, spillover effects and W, ERSA conference papers ersa13p222, European Regional Science Association.
FAGEDA, X., OLIVIERI, C. (2019). Transport infrastructure and regional convergence: A spatial panel data approach. Papers in Regional Science, 98: 1609-1631. Doi: 10.1111/pirs.12433
GARCÍA D, CONTRERAS M, TORRES T, CORREA R. (2020), Social exclusion in Ecuador with housing indicators: A regional analysis. In: Ratten V (eds) Entrepreneurship and the Community. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham
GAIGNE C, KOSTER H, MOIZEAU F, THISSE J. (2017), Amenities and the social structure of cities. Higher School of Economics Research Paper. 162. htthttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2959386
GEARY, R. (1954). The contiguity ratio and statistical mapping. The Incorporated Statistician. 5: 115–45. Doi: 10.2307/2986645
GETIS A, ORD J. (1992), The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24: 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
GETIS A, ORD J. (1996), Local Spatial Statistics: An Overview. In: P Longley, M Batty (eds) spatial Analysis: Modeling in a GIS Environment. Cambridge, UK. GeoInformation International
GUZMAN L, BOCAREJO J. (2017), Urban form and spatial urban equity in Bogota, Colombia, Transportation Research Procedia. 25: 4495-5410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.345.
HALLECK S, ELHORST J. (2015), The SLX model. Journal of Regional Science. 55: 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12188
KELEJIAN H, PRUCHA I. (1999), A generalized moments estimator for the autoregressive parameter in a spatial model, International Economic Review. 40: 509-533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2648817.
LECKIE G, GOLDSTEIN H (2015), A multilevel modelling approach to measuring changing patterns of ethnic composition and segregation among London secondary schools, 2001–2010. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 178: 405–424. Doi: 10.1111/rssa.12066
LESAGE JP, PACE RK (2009), Introduction to spatial econometrics, Taylor & Francis CRC Press, Boca Raton.
LIM L, CHONG S (2015), The convergence of China’s foreign and domestic investment regimes and China’s investment treaty commitments. Journal of International Arbitration. 32: 461–492.
LINARES S, MIKKELSEN C, VELÁZQUEZ G, CELEMÍN J. (2016), Spatial segregation and quality of life: empirical analysis of medium-sized cities of Buenos Aires province. In: Tonon G (eds) Indicators of Quality of Life in Latin America. Berlin: Springer.
LLOYD C, SHUTTLEWORTH I, WONG D. (2015), Social-spatial Segregation: Concepts, Processes and Outcomes. Bristol: Policy Press.
LOPES, M. (2016), Gentrification in Latin America: some notes on unity in diversity. Urban Geography. 37: 1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1200336.
LOUF R, BARTHELEMY M. (2016) Patterns of residential segregation. PloS One. 11 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157476
MANLEY, D JONES K, JOHNSTON R (2019), Multiscale segregation: multilevel modeling of dissimilarity: challenging the stylized fact that segregation is greater the finer the spatial scale. The Professional Geographer. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2019.1578977
MARTINES D, CAVAGIS S, RUBIA M, RICARDO F, ROGÉRIO H. (2019), Spatial segregation in floodplain: An approach to correlate physical and human dimensions for urban planning. Cities, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102551.
MASSEY D, DENTON N. (1988), The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67: 281–315. Doi: 10.2307/2579183.
MAYORGA JM, ORTIZ J (2020) Segregación e inequidad en el acceso a servicios de educación, cultura y recreación en Bogotá, Colombia. Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía. 29: 171-189. Doi: 10.15446/rcdg.
MEDINA C, MORALES L, NUÑEZ J. (2008), Quality of Life in Urban Neighborhoods in Colombia: The Cases of Bogotá and Medellín. Borra¬dores de Economía, 536. Working paper.
MOLINATTI F, PELÁEZ E. (2017), Residential segregation and adequate housing among migrants from Bolivia and Peru in Córdoba, Argentina. Migraciones Internacionales. 9: 9-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17428/rmi.v9i33.51.
MORRILL R. (1991), On the measure of geographical segregation. Geography Research Forum. 11: 25–36.
NAVARRO T, DURÁN, F, SANTOS, J. (2017), Un índice de competitividad regional para España. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 109: 67-94.
NIEMBRO A, GUEVARA T, CAVANAGH E. (2019), Segregación urbana e infraestructura en América Latina: una tipología de los barrios de Bariloche. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Territorio, Economía y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina. Working paper.
ÖSTH J, CLAR W, MALMBERG S. (2015), Measuring the scale of segregation using k-nearest neighbor aggregates. Geographical Analysis, 47: 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12053
ROBERTS B, WILSON R. (2009), Urban segregation and governance in the Americas, Palgrave, Macmillan.
RUBALCAVA R, SCHTEINGART M. (2012), Ciudades divididas: Desigualdad y segregación social en México. Nueva Antropología. 25: 140-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14jxr3p.
SAKODA J, (1981), A Generalized Index of Dissimilarity. Demography. 18: 245–250. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061096.
SCHELLING T. (1971), Dynamic Models of Segregation, Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1: 143-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989794
SEPÚLVEDA F, CHICA J, SOTO N (2019), Spatial variability analysis of quality of life and its determinants: a case study of Medellín, Colombia. Social Indicators Research, 144: 1233–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02088-x.
SERNA M, GONZÁLEZ F. (2017), Cambios hasta cierto punto: Segregación residencial y desigualdades económicas en Montevideo (1996– 2015). Latin American Research Review. 52: 571-588. Doi: http://doi.org/10.25222/larr.72.
SMETS P, SALMAN T. (2016), The multi-layered-ness of urban segregation: On the simultaneous inclusion and exclusion in Latin American cities. Habitat International. 54: 80–87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.013.
SOURIS M, DEMORAES F. (2019), Improvement of spatial autocorrelation, kernel estimation and modeling methods by spatial standardization on distance. International Journal of.Geo-Information, 8: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040199.
TIVADAR M. (2019), Oasisr: An R package to bring some order to the world of segregation measurement. Journal of Statistical Software. 89: 1–39.
10.18637/jss.v089.i07.
VÁZQUEZ JJ, SUAREZ A, BERRIOS A. (2020), Stigma, extreme poverty and residential situation: Residential segregation, household conditions and social relationship satisfaction among trash pickers in León, Nicaragua. International Social Work. 63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818788122.
VIVAS H. (2012), Persistencia de la segregación residencial y composición del capital humano por barrios en la ciudad de Cali. Ensayos Sobre Política Económica. 31: 122-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0120-4483(13)70031-9.
WHITE M. (1983), The measurement of spatial segregation. American Journal of Sociology. 88: 1008–1018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2779449
WONG D. (1993), Spatial Indices of Segregation. Urban Studies. 30: 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080551.
WONG D. (2016), From aspatial to spatial, from global to local and individual: are we on the right track to spatialize segregation measures? In: Howell FM, Porter JR, Matthews R (eds) Recapturing Space: New Middle-range Theory in Spatial Demography. Cham. Springer International Publishing.
YAO J, WONG DW, BAILEY N, MINTON J (2019), Spatial Segregation Measures: A Methodological Review. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 110. doi: 10.1111/tesg. 12305.
YOUNG I. (2000), Inclusion and democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ZHANG T, LIN G. (2016), On Moran’s I coefficient under heterogeneity. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 95: 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2015.09.010.
ANSELIN L. (1988), Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Geographical Analysis, 20: 1–17.
ANSELIN L. (1993), The Moran scatterplot as an ESDA tool to assess local instability in spatial association. Regional Research Institute. 111-125. Doi: 10.1201/9780203739051-8
ANSELIN L. (1995), Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geographical Analysis. 27: 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
ANSELIN L. (2019), A local indicator of multivariate spatial association: extending Geary’s c. Geographical Analysis, 51: 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12164
ARROYO J, PINZÓN L, MORA J, GÓMEZ D, CENDALES A. (2016), Afrocolombianos discriminación y segregación espacial de la calidad del empleo para Cali. Cuadernos de Economía. 35: 753-783. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v35n69.54347.
BAYÓN M, SARAVÍ G. (2018), Place, class interaction, and urban segregation: experiencing inequality in Mexico City. Space and Culture. 21: 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217734540.
CARDONA L, MORALES L. (2015), Efectos laborales de los servicios de cuidado infantil: evidencia del programa Buen Comienzo. Borradores de economía. Working paper.
COLOMBO K, MESSINA P. (2012), Identificación y caracterización de la pobreza en unidades espaciales de Montevideo y Área Metropolitana. In: Vulnerabilidad y exclusión: Aportes para las políticas sociales, 4. Uruguay Social Red temática Desarrollo, Desigualdad y Protección Social en Uruguay. Universidad de la República. Montevideo: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social.
DUREAU F, CONTRERAS Y, CYMBALISTA R, LE REUX G, PIRON M. (2015), Evolución de la intensidad y de las escalas de la segregación residencial desde los años 1990: un análisis comparativo. En, Dureau F (Eds) Movilidades y cambio urbano Bogotá, Santiago y Sao Paulo. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
DE QUEIROZ L, RODRIGUES J, CORRÊA F. (2017), Segregation and occupational inequalities. In: de Queiroz, Ribeiro L (eds) Urban Transformations in Rio de Janeiro. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Springer, Cham.
DUNCAN O, DUNCAN B. (1955), Residential distribution and occupational stratification. American Journal of Sociology. 60: 493–503. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2772537.
ELHORST J, HALLECK S. (2013), On spatial econometric models, spillover effects and W, ERSA conference papers ersa13p222, European Regional Science Association.
FAGEDA, X., OLIVIERI, C. (2019). Transport infrastructure and regional convergence: A spatial panel data approach. Papers in Regional Science, 98: 1609-1631. Doi: 10.1111/pirs.12433
GARCÍA D, CONTRERAS M, TORRES T, CORREA R. (2020), Social exclusion in Ecuador with housing indicators: A regional analysis. In: Ratten V (eds) Entrepreneurship and the Community. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham
GAIGNE C, KOSTER H, MOIZEAU F, THISSE J. (2017), Amenities and the social structure of cities. Higher School of Economics Research Paper. 162. htthttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2959386
GEARY, R. (1954). The contiguity ratio and statistical mapping. The Incorporated Statistician. 5: 115–45. Doi: 10.2307/2986645
GETIS A, ORD J. (1992), The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24: 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
GETIS A, ORD J. (1996), Local Spatial Statistics: An Overview. In: P Longley, M Batty (eds) spatial Analysis: Modeling in a GIS Environment. Cambridge, UK. GeoInformation International
GUZMAN L, BOCAREJO J. (2017), Urban form and spatial urban equity in Bogota, Colombia, Transportation Research Procedia. 25: 4495-5410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.345.
HALLECK S, ELHORST J. (2015), The SLX model. Journal of Regional Science. 55: 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12188
KELEJIAN H, PRUCHA I. (1999), A generalized moments estimator for the autoregressive parameter in a spatial model, International Economic Review. 40: 509-533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2648817.
LECKIE G, GOLDSTEIN H (2015), A multilevel modelling approach to measuring changing patterns of ethnic composition and segregation among London secondary schools, 2001–2010. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 178: 405–424. Doi: 10.1111/rssa.12066
LESAGE JP, PACE RK (2009), Introduction to spatial econometrics, Taylor & Francis CRC Press, Boca Raton.
LIM L, CHONG S (2015), The convergence of China’s foreign and domestic investment regimes and China’s investment treaty commitments. Journal of International Arbitration. 32: 461–492.
LINARES S, MIKKELSEN C, VELÁZQUEZ G, CELEMÍN J. (2016), Spatial segregation and quality of life: empirical analysis of medium-sized cities of Buenos Aires province. In: Tonon G (eds) Indicators of Quality of Life in Latin America. Berlin: Springer.
LLOYD C, SHUTTLEWORTH I, WONG D. (2015), Social-spatial Segregation: Concepts, Processes and Outcomes. Bristol: Policy Press.
LOPES, M. (2016), Gentrification in Latin America: some notes on unity in diversity. Urban Geography. 37: 1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1200336.
LOUF R, BARTHELEMY M. (2016) Patterns of residential segregation. PloS One. 11 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157476
MANLEY, D JONES K, JOHNSTON R (2019), Multiscale segregation: multilevel modeling of dissimilarity: challenging the stylized fact that segregation is greater the finer the spatial scale. The Professional Geographer. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2019.1578977
MARTINES D, CAVAGIS S, RUBIA M, RICARDO F, ROGÉRIO H. (2019), Spatial segregation in floodplain: An approach to correlate physical and human dimensions for urban planning. Cities, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102551.
MASSEY D, DENTON N. (1988), The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67: 281–315. Doi: 10.2307/2579183.
MAYORGA JM, ORTIZ J (2020) Segregación e inequidad en el acceso a servicios de educación, cultura y recreación en Bogotá, Colombia. Cuadernos de Geografía: Revista Colombiana de Geografía. 29: 171-189. Doi: 10.15446/rcdg.
MEDINA C, MORALES L, NUÑEZ J. (2008), Quality of Life in Urban Neighborhoods in Colombia: The Cases of Bogotá and Medellín. Borra¬dores de Economía, 536. Working paper.
MOLINATTI F, PELÁEZ E. (2017), Residential segregation and adequate housing among migrants from Bolivia and Peru in Córdoba, Argentina. Migraciones Internacionales. 9: 9-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17428/rmi.v9i33.51.
MORRILL R. (1991), On the measure of geographical segregation. Geography Research Forum. 11: 25–36.
NAVARRO T, DURÁN, F, SANTOS, J. (2017), Un índice de competitividad regional para España. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 109: 67-94.
NIEMBRO A, GUEVARA T, CAVANAGH E. (2019), Segregación urbana e infraestructura en América Latina: una tipología de los barrios de Bariloche. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Territorio, Economía y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina. Working paper.
ÖSTH J, CLAR W, MALMBERG S. (2015), Measuring the scale of segregation using k-nearest neighbor aggregates. Geographical Analysis, 47: 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12053
ROBERTS B, WILSON R. (2009), Urban segregation and governance in the Americas, Palgrave, Macmillan.
RUBALCAVA R, SCHTEINGART M. (2012), Ciudades divididas: Desigualdad y segregación social en México. Nueva Antropología. 25: 140-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14jxr3p.
SAKODA J, (1981), A Generalized Index of Dissimilarity. Demography. 18: 245–250. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061096.
SCHELLING T. (1971), Dynamic Models of Segregation, Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1: 143-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989794
SEPÚLVEDA F, CHICA J, SOTO N (2019), Spatial variability analysis of quality of life and its determinants: a case study of Medellín, Colombia. Social Indicators Research, 144: 1233–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02088-x.
SERNA M, GONZÁLEZ F. (2017), Cambios hasta cierto punto: Segregación residencial y desigualdades económicas en Montevideo (1996– 2015). Latin American Research Review. 52: 571-588. Doi: http://doi.org/10.25222/larr.72.
SMETS P, SALMAN T. (2016), The multi-layered-ness of urban segregation: On the simultaneous inclusion and exclusion in Latin American cities. Habitat International. 54: 80–87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.013.
SOURIS M, DEMORAES F. (2019), Improvement of spatial autocorrelation, kernel estimation and modeling methods by spatial standardization on distance. International Journal of.Geo-Information, 8: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040199.
TIVADAR M. (2019), Oasisr: An R package to bring some order to the world of segregation measurement. Journal of Statistical Software. 89: 1–39.
10.18637/jss.v089.i07.
VÁZQUEZ JJ, SUAREZ A, BERRIOS A. (2020), Stigma, extreme poverty and residential situation: Residential segregation, household conditions and social relationship satisfaction among trash pickers in León, Nicaragua. International Social Work. 63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818788122.
VIVAS H. (2012), Persistencia de la segregación residencial y composición del capital humano por barrios en la ciudad de Cali. Ensayos Sobre Política Económica. 31: 122-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0120-4483(13)70031-9.
WHITE M. (1983), The measurement of spatial segregation. American Journal of Sociology. 88: 1008–1018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2779449
WONG D. (1993), Spatial Indices of Segregation. Urban Studies. 30: 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080551.
WONG D. (2016), From aspatial to spatial, from global to local and individual: are we on the right track to spatialize segregation measures? In: Howell FM, Porter JR, Matthews R (eds) Recapturing Space: New Middle-range Theory in Spatial Demography. Cham. Springer International Publishing.
YAO J, WONG DW, BAILEY N, MINTON J (2019), Spatial Segregation Measures: A Methodological Review. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 110. doi: 10.1111/tesg. 12305.
YOUNG I. (2000), Inclusion and democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ZHANG T, LIN G. (2016), On Moran’s I coefficient under heterogeneity. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 95: 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2015.09.010.
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Jul 31, 2022
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Aristizábal, J. M., & Vásquez, J. C. (2022). Residential Segregation: Empirical Evidence of the Influence of Human Capital in the City of Armenia, Colombia. Ecos De Economía, 25(52), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2021.52.3
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