La pobreza y las violaciones a los derechos humanos
Main Article Content
Keywords
pobreza, derechos humanos, económicos y sociales, justicia distributiva, autonomía social, filosofía política
Resumen
Este artículo justifica la consideración de la pobreza como una violación a los derechos humanos a nivel individual, pero más concretamente a nivel colectivo. Para ello discute varias propuestas de la filosofía política contemporánea que se han ocupado de este problema: las justificaciones «funcionalista», de «libertad extendida» y de «autonomía social». Esta última, propone la autora, aprehende a cabalidad los requerimientos de una justificación política, pues clarifica el papel de los portadores de derecho y de deber, y la extensión tanto de las demandas como de las responsabilidades en relación con la pobreza a nivel internacional.
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Referencias
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Alston, Ph. (1997) “Making economic and social rights count: a strategy for the future”. In: Political Quarterly 2, pp. 188-195.
Anderson, E. (1999) “What is the point of equality?”. In: Ethics109, pp. 287-337.
Berlin, Isaiah (1969) “Two Concepts of Liberty”. In: Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121-154. [“Dos Conceptos de Libertad”. En: Cuatro ensayos sobre la libertad, Madrid, Alianza, 1998].
Beitz, Ch. (1979) Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Bittner, R. (2001) “Morality and World Hunger”. In:Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed.,Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 24-32.
Brodnig, G. (2001) “The World Bank and Human Rights: Mission Impossible?”. In: CarrCenter for Human Rights Policy Working, Paper T-01-05, http://fletcher.tufts.edu/praxis/xvii/Brodnig.pdf
Brühl, T. (2002) “The Privatization of International Governance”. In: Global EnvironmentalChange and the Nation State: Proceedings of the 2001 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensionsof Global Environmental Change. Biermann F., and Brohm, R., and Dingwerth, K., eds.,Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, pp. 371-380.
Bundesregierung (2001) Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung. Berlin; www.bma.bund.de/de/sicherung/armutsbericht/ARBBericht01.pdf
Cohen, G.A. (1979) “Capitalism, Freedon, and the Proletariat”. In: The Idea of Freedom.Ryan, A., Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Craven, M. (1995) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dankwa, V.; Flinterman, C. and Leckie, S. (1998) “Commentary to the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”. In: Human Rights Quarterly 20, pp. 691-730.
Eide, A. (1995) “Economic, social and cultural rights as human rights”. In: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A Textbook, Eide, A.; Krause, C. and Rosas, A., ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp. 21-40.
FIAN (1998) Food First. Mit Menschenrechten gegen Hunger. Bonn, www.fian.org.
French, P. A. (1991) “The Corporation as a Moral Person”. In: The Spectrum of Responsibility.P. A. French, ed., St. Martin ́s Press, New York, pp. 290-305.
Gosepath, St. (2002) “Die globale Ausdehnung der Gerechtigkeit”. In: Gerechtigkeit undPolitik – Philosophische Perspektiven. R.Schmücker and U. Steinvorth, ed., Deutsche Zeitschriftfür Philosophie, Sonderband 3, Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
Goodin, R. E. (1988) “What is so special about our fellow countrymen?”. In: Ethics 98, pp.663-686.
Günther, K. (2001) “Rechtspluralismus und universaler Code der Legalität”. In:Globalisierung als rechtstheoretisches Problem. K. Günther and L. Wingert, ed., Die Öffentlichkeitder Vernunft und die Vernunft der Öffentlichkeiten, (Festschrift für Jürgen Habermas),Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Habermas, J. (1996) Between Facts and Norms, Contribution to a Discourse Theory of Lawand Democracy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [Facticidad y validez. Sobre el derecho y elEstado democrático de derecho en términos de teoría del discurso. Madrid, Trotta, 1998].
Hayek, F.A. (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. London, Routledge and Kegan, Paul.
Hillemanns, Carolin F. (2003) “UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights”. In: German Law Journal 10, pp. 1065-1080, www.germanlawjournal.com.
Khagram, S. (2000) “Towards democratic governance for sustainable development: transnational civil society”. In: The Third Force. The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, Florini, A. M., ed. Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, Washington, DC.
Jenkins, R.; Pearson. R. and Sayfang, G., ed. Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights. Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy. Earthscan Publications, London, Sterling.
Kanbur, R.S.M. and Todd, S. (1999) The Future of Development Assistance: Common Poolsand International Public Goods. Overseas Development Council and John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Klasen, St. (2002) “In search of the holy grail: how to achieve pro-poor-growth?”. In: Working Paper, http://www.vwl.unimuenchen.de/ls_empwi/Personen/klasen/klasen.htm#Working%20Papers
Koller, P. (1998) “Der Geltungsbereich der Menschenrechte”. In: Philosophie der Menschenrechte, Gosepath, St. and Lohmann, G., ed., Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp.96-124.
Krasner, St. (1999) Sovereignty - Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Kreide, R. (2002) “International justice in John Rawls ́s theory”. In: German Law Journal3 (11); www.germanlawjournal.com.
Künnemann, R. (2000) “Neuere Entwicklung beim Recht auf Nahrung”. In: Jahrbuch Menschenrechte. von Arnim, G. and Deile, V. et al., ed., Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, pp.285-298.
Langhammer, R. J. (2002) “Halving poverty by doubling aid: how well founded in the optimism of the World Bank?”. Kiel Working Paper Nº 1116. Kiel Institute for World Economics, Kiel. http://www.uni-kiel.de/ifw/homeeng.htm
Marshall, Th. (1992) Citizenship and Social Class. Pluto Perspectives, London.
O’Neill, O. (2001) “Agents of justice”. In: Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed., Blackwell,Oxford.
Paech, N. and Stuby, G. (2001) Völkerrecht und Machtpolitik in den internationalen Beziehungen. VSA-Verlag, Hamburg.
Perraton, J.; Goldblatt, D.; Held, D. and McGrew, A. (1998) “Die Globalisierung derWirtschaft”. In: Politik der Globalisierung, Beck, U., ed., Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp.134-169.
Pogge, Th. (1994) “An egalitarian law of peoples”. In: Philosophy & Public Affairs 23, pp.195-224.
Pogge, Th. (2001) “Priorities of global justice”. In: Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed.,Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 6-24.
Pogge, Th. (2004) “The Incoherence between Rawls’s Theories of Justice”. In: FordhamLaw Review, pp. 246-253.
Pogge, Th. (2002) World Poverty and Human Rights. Polity Press, Oxford.
Rawls, J. (1999) The Law of Peoples. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., London.[El derecho de gentes y una idea de razón pública, Barcelona, Paidós, 2001].
Roemer, J. (2000) Equality of Opportunity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/Mass.,London.
Sen, A. (1993) Unequality Reexamined. Oxford University Press, Oxford, York, Cambridge/Mass. [Nuevo examen de la desigualdad, Madrid, Alianza, 1999].
Shue, H. (1980) Basic Rights. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NY.
Shue, H. (1988) “Mediating duties”. In: Ethics 98, pp. 687-704.
Steiner, Hillel (1974-75) “Individual Liberty”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 75,pp. 33-50.
Steiner, H. and Alston, Ph. (1993) International Human Rights in Context. Law, Politics,Morals. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Stiglitz, J. (2002) Globalization and Its Discontents. Pinguin Books, New York.
Tetzlaff, R. (1996) Weltbank und Währungsfonds – Gestalter der Bretton-Woods-Ära. Leske& Budrich, Opladen.
Tugendhat, E. (1992) Philosophische Aufsätze. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Tugendhat, E. (1993) Vorlesungen zur Ethik. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main. [Lecciones deética, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1997].
Tugendhat, E. (1993a) “Die Kontroverse um die Menschenrechte”. In: Analyse & Kritik 15,pp. 101-110.
The Economist (2004) A Question of Justice? (March 13th – 19th, 2004) www.economist.com.
The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1987) Human Rights Quarterly 9, pp. 122-134.
The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1998) Human Rights Quarterly 20, pp. 691-730.
Van Parijs, Ph. (1995) Real Freedom for All. What (if anything) can Justify Capitalism?.Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Weissbrodt, D. (2000) Principles relating to the human rights conduct of Companies. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/WG.2/WP.1 (25 May 2000) http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/4c9f4b9319945428c125691b00438fdf/$FILE/G0013862.doc
Wenar, L. (2004) Human rights and responsibility, in this volume.World Bank (2000) Country Reports on Health, Nutrition, Population, and Poverty.Washington D.C., www.worldbank.org/poverty/health/data/ (22.02.2003).
Wenar, L. (2001) Global Poverty Monitoring, www.worldbank.org/research/povmonitor/(22.02.2003)
Zürn, M. (1998) Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Alston, Ph. (1997) “Making economic and social rights count: a strategy for the future”. In: Political Quarterly 2, pp. 188-195.
Anderson, E. (1999) “What is the point of equality?”. In: Ethics109, pp. 287-337.
Berlin, Isaiah (1969) “Two Concepts of Liberty”. In: Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121-154. [“Dos Conceptos de Libertad”. En: Cuatro ensayos sobre la libertad, Madrid, Alianza, 1998].
Beitz, Ch. (1979) Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Bittner, R. (2001) “Morality and World Hunger”. In:Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed.,Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 24-32.
Brodnig, G. (2001) “The World Bank and Human Rights: Mission Impossible?”. In: CarrCenter for Human Rights Policy Working, Paper T-01-05, http://fletcher.tufts.edu/praxis/xvii/Brodnig.pdf
Brühl, T. (2002) “The Privatization of International Governance”. In: Global EnvironmentalChange and the Nation State: Proceedings of the 2001 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensionsof Global Environmental Change. Biermann F., and Brohm, R., and Dingwerth, K., eds.,Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, pp. 371-380.
Bundesregierung (2001) Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung. Berlin; www.bma.bund.de/de/sicherung/armutsbericht/ARBBericht01.pdf
Cohen, G.A. (1979) “Capitalism, Freedon, and the Proletariat”. In: The Idea of Freedom.Ryan, A., Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Craven, M. (1995) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dankwa, V.; Flinterman, C. and Leckie, S. (1998) “Commentary to the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”. In: Human Rights Quarterly 20, pp. 691-730.
Eide, A. (1995) “Economic, social and cultural rights as human rights”. In: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A Textbook, Eide, A.; Krause, C. and Rosas, A., ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp. 21-40.
FIAN (1998) Food First. Mit Menschenrechten gegen Hunger. Bonn, www.fian.org.
French, P. A. (1991) “The Corporation as a Moral Person”. In: The Spectrum of Responsibility.P. A. French, ed., St. Martin ́s Press, New York, pp. 290-305.
Gosepath, St. (2002) “Die globale Ausdehnung der Gerechtigkeit”. In: Gerechtigkeit undPolitik – Philosophische Perspektiven. R.Schmücker and U. Steinvorth, ed., Deutsche Zeitschriftfür Philosophie, Sonderband 3, Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
Goodin, R. E. (1988) “What is so special about our fellow countrymen?”. In: Ethics 98, pp.663-686.
Günther, K. (2001) “Rechtspluralismus und universaler Code der Legalität”. In:Globalisierung als rechtstheoretisches Problem. K. Günther and L. Wingert, ed., Die Öffentlichkeitder Vernunft und die Vernunft der Öffentlichkeiten, (Festschrift für Jürgen Habermas),Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Habermas, J. (1996) Between Facts and Norms, Contribution to a Discourse Theory of Lawand Democracy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [Facticidad y validez. Sobre el derecho y elEstado democrático de derecho en términos de teoría del discurso. Madrid, Trotta, 1998].
Hayek, F.A. (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. London, Routledge and Kegan, Paul.
Hillemanns, Carolin F. (2003) “UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights”. In: German Law Journal 10, pp. 1065-1080, www.germanlawjournal.com.
Khagram, S. (2000) “Towards democratic governance for sustainable development: transnational civil society”. In: The Third Force. The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, Florini, A. M., ed. Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, Washington, DC.
Jenkins, R.; Pearson. R. and Sayfang, G., ed. Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights. Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy. Earthscan Publications, London, Sterling.
Kanbur, R.S.M. and Todd, S. (1999) The Future of Development Assistance: Common Poolsand International Public Goods. Overseas Development Council and John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Klasen, St. (2002) “In search of the holy grail: how to achieve pro-poor-growth?”. In: Working Paper, http://www.vwl.unimuenchen.de/ls_empwi/Personen/klasen/klasen.htm#Working%20Papers
Koller, P. (1998) “Der Geltungsbereich der Menschenrechte”. In: Philosophie der Menschenrechte, Gosepath, St. and Lohmann, G., ed., Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp.96-124.
Krasner, St. (1999) Sovereignty - Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Kreide, R. (2002) “International justice in John Rawls ́s theory”. In: German Law Journal3 (11); www.germanlawjournal.com.
Künnemann, R. (2000) “Neuere Entwicklung beim Recht auf Nahrung”. In: Jahrbuch Menschenrechte. von Arnim, G. and Deile, V. et al., ed., Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, pp.285-298.
Langhammer, R. J. (2002) “Halving poverty by doubling aid: how well founded in the optimism of the World Bank?”. Kiel Working Paper Nº 1116. Kiel Institute for World Economics, Kiel. http://www.uni-kiel.de/ifw/homeeng.htm
Marshall, Th. (1992) Citizenship and Social Class. Pluto Perspectives, London.
O’Neill, O. (2001) “Agents of justice”. In: Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed., Blackwell,Oxford.
Paech, N. and Stuby, G. (2001) Völkerrecht und Machtpolitik in den internationalen Beziehungen. VSA-Verlag, Hamburg.
Perraton, J.; Goldblatt, D.; Held, D. and McGrew, A. (1998) “Die Globalisierung derWirtschaft”. In: Politik der Globalisierung, Beck, U., ed., Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, pp.134-169.
Pogge, Th. (1994) “An egalitarian law of peoples”. In: Philosophy & Public Affairs 23, pp.195-224.
Pogge, Th. (2001) “Priorities of global justice”. In: Global Justice, Pogge, Th., ed.,Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 6-24.
Pogge, Th. (2004) “The Incoherence between Rawls’s Theories of Justice”. In: FordhamLaw Review, pp. 246-253.
Pogge, Th. (2002) World Poverty and Human Rights. Polity Press, Oxford.
Rawls, J. (1999) The Law of Peoples. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., London.[El derecho de gentes y una idea de razón pública, Barcelona, Paidós, 2001].
Roemer, J. (2000) Equality of Opportunity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/Mass.,London.
Sen, A. (1993) Unequality Reexamined. Oxford University Press, Oxford, York, Cambridge/Mass. [Nuevo examen de la desigualdad, Madrid, Alianza, 1999].
Shue, H. (1980) Basic Rights. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NY.
Shue, H. (1988) “Mediating duties”. In: Ethics 98, pp. 687-704.
Steiner, Hillel (1974-75) “Individual Liberty”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 75,pp. 33-50.
Steiner, H. and Alston, Ph. (1993) International Human Rights in Context. Law, Politics,Morals. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Stiglitz, J. (2002) Globalization and Its Discontents. Pinguin Books, New York.
Tetzlaff, R. (1996) Weltbank und Währungsfonds – Gestalter der Bretton-Woods-Ära. Leske& Budrich, Opladen.
Tugendhat, E. (1992) Philosophische Aufsätze. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Tugendhat, E. (1993) Vorlesungen zur Ethik. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main. [Lecciones deética, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1997].
Tugendhat, E. (1993a) “Die Kontroverse um die Menschenrechte”. In: Analyse & Kritik 15,pp. 101-110.
The Economist (2004) A Question of Justice? (March 13th – 19th, 2004) www.economist.com.
The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1987) Human Rights Quarterly 9, pp. 122-134.
The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1998) Human Rights Quarterly 20, pp. 691-730.
Van Parijs, Ph. (1995) Real Freedom for All. What (if anything) can Justify Capitalism?.Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Weissbrodt, D. (2000) Principles relating to the human rights conduct of Companies. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/WG.2/WP.1 (25 May 2000) http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/4c9f4b9319945428c125691b00438fdf/$FILE/G0013862.doc
Wenar, L. (2004) Human rights and responsibility, in this volume.World Bank (2000) Country Reports on Health, Nutrition, Population, and Poverty.Washington D.C., www.worldbank.org/poverty/health/data/ (22.02.2003).
Wenar, L. (2001) Global Poverty Monitoring, www.worldbank.org/research/povmonitor/(22.02.2003)
Zürn, M. (1998) Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
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dic 17, 2005
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Kreide, R. (2005). La pobreza y las violaciones a los derechos humanos. Co-Herencia, 2(3), 9–42. Recuperado a partir de https://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/co-herencia/article/view/590
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Universidad de Frankfurt
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Regine Kreide, Universidad de Frankfurt
Doctora en filosofía y ciencia política por la Universidad de Frankfurt, profesora de la misma universidad, visiting Scholar en el Instituto de Filosofía de la Universidad de Columbia.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
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