Agente crítico, democracia deliberativa y el acto de dar razones
Main Article Content
Keywords
Agente crítico, argumentación, deliberación, democracia, razones
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un concepto de agente crítico que dialogue con una práctica democrática deliberativa, considerando qué significa el acto de dar razones. Para tal efecto, en este trabajo se discute, primero, qué significaría ser crítico o tender hacia la criticidad tanto autorreferente como hacia terceros. Esta sección está apoyada principalmente con ideas provenientes de la teoría de la argumentación y de la lógica informal. En segundo término, se aborda el concepto de democracia deliberativa a la luz de la sinergia conceptual que habría entre la participación -potencial- de un agente crítico en tal contexto sociopolítico. En esta sección se pasa revista a algunas de las ideas centrales de la teoría de la democracia deliberativa. Y en la tercera y última parte, se aborda el problema de dar y recibir razones discutiendo la propuesta semántica inferencialista de Brandom (2002, 2005) para observar de qué manera este acercamiento puede aportar a una teoría de la deliberación y a un concepto -y educación- de agente crítico. En las conclusiones se sintetizan las ideas principales y, además, se hace un contrapunto entre la noción de agencia, concepto que es importante en mi propuesta, y la noción de persona, concepto de especial valor en la teoría de la democracia deliberativa.
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Referencias
Aberdein, A. (2010). Virtue in Argument. Argumentation, 24(2), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10503-009-9160-0
Aberdein, A. (2014a). In Defence of Virtue: The Legitimacy of Agent-Based Argument Appraisal. Informal Logic, 34(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i1.3938
Aberdein, A. (2014b). Fallacy and argumentational vice. En D. Mohammed & M. Lewinski (Eds.), Virtues in Argumentation: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA). [CD-ROM].
Barber, B. (1984). Democracia fuerte. Almazara.
Bailin, S. & Battersby, M. (2016). Reason in the Balance: An Inquiry Approach to Critical Thinking. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Barber, B. (2000). Un lugar para todos: Cómo fortalecer la democracia y la sociedad civil. Paidós.
Benhabib, S. (1994). Deliberative rationality and models of democratic legitimacy. Constellations, 1(1), 26-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1994.tb00003.x
Bessette, J. (1980). Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government. En R. Golwin y W. Schambre (Eds.), How Democratic is the Constitution? (pp. 102-116). American Enterprise Institute.
Bessette, J. (1994). The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bohman, J. (1995). Public Reason and Cultural Pluralism: Political Liberalism and the Problem of Moral Conflict. Political Theory, 23(2), 253-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591795023002004
Bohman, J. (1996). Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy. MIT Press.
Bohman, J. (2016 [1998]). La madurez de la democracia deliberativa. Co-herencia, 13(24), 105-143. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.13.24.5
Brandom, R. (2000). Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism. Harvard University Press.
Brandom, R. (2002). La articulación de las razones. Siglo XXI.
Brandom, R. (2005). Hacerlo explícito. Herder.
Brower, B. (1994). The Limits of Public Reason. The Journal of Philosophy, 91(1), 5-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i352529
Cohen, D. (2009). Keeping an Open Mind and Having a Sense of Proportion as Virtues in Argumentation. Cogency, 1(2), 49-64.
Dryzek, J. (1990). Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy and Political Science. Cambridge University Press.
Dryzek, J. (2010). Rhetoric in Democracy: A Systemic Appreciation. Political Theory, 38(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709359596
Elstub, S. (2010). The Third Generation of Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies Review, 8(3), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00216.x
Enfield, N. & Kockelman, P. (Eds.). (2017). Distributed Agency. Oxford University Press.
Enfield, N. (2017). Distribution of Agency. En N. Enfield & P. Kockelman (Eds.), Distributed Agency (pp. 9-14). Oxford University Press.
García Jaramillo, L. (Coord.). (2011). La democracia deliberativa a debate. Fondo Editorial EAFIT.
Gigerenzer, G. (2007). Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals. How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Moral Satisficing: Rethinking Moral Behavior as Bounded. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(3), 528-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01094.x
Gigerenzer, G. & Brighton, H. (2009). Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 107-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x
González de Prado, J. & Zamora-Bonilla, J. (2015). Collective Actors without Collective Minds: An Inferentialist Approach. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 45(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393113520397
Goodin, R. (2003). Reflective Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Gutmann, A. (2003). Identity in Democracy. Princeton University Press.
Habermas, J. (1998a). Facticidad y validez. Trotta.
Habermas, J. (1998b). Reconciliación mediante el uso público de la razón. En J. Habermas & J. Rawls (Eds.), Debate sobre el liberalismo político (pp. 147-181). Paidós.
Hamblin, C. (1970). Fallacies. Methuen.
Hildebrandt, F. & Musholt, K. (2020). Teaching Rationality: Sustained Shared Thinking as a Means for Learning to Navigate the Space of Reason. Journal of Philosophy of Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12407
Hong, L. & Page, S. (2001). Problem Solving by Heterogeneous Agents. Journal of Economic Theory, 97(1), 123-163. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2709
Hong, L. & Page, S. (2012). Some Micro-foundations of collective Wisdom. En H. Landemore & J. Elster (Eds.), Collective Wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms (pp. 56-71). Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, R. & Hamby, B. (2015). A Meta-Level Approach to the Problem of Defining ‘Critical Thinking’. Argumentation, 29, 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10503-015-9356-4
Knight, J. & Johnson, J. (1994). Aggregation and deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy. Political Theory, 22(2), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591794022002004
Landemore, H. (2013). Democratic Reason. Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton University Press.
Leitão, S. (2000). The Potential of Argument in Knowledge Building. Human Development 43(6), 332-360. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022695
MacFarlane, J. (2010). Pragmatism and Inferentialism. En B. Weiss & J. Wanderer (Eds.), Reading Brandom (pp. 81-95). Routledge.
Manin, B. (1987). On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation. Political Theory, 15(3), 338-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591787015003005
Manin, B. (1998). Los principios del gobierno representativo. Alianza.
Mansbridge, J. J. (1983). Beyond Adversary Democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Mercier, H. & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason. A New Theory of Human Understanding. Allen Lane.
Mercier, H. & Landemore, H. (2012). Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation. Political Psychology, 33(2), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00873.x
Michelman, F. (1997). How Can the People Ever Make the Law? (A Critique of Deliberative Democracy). The Modern Schoolman, 74(4), 311-330.
Page, S. (2007). The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton University Press.
Pérez Zafrilla, P. J. (2017). La democracia en cuestión: Los ciudadanos demandan una política diferente. Biblioteca Nueva.
Putnam, H. & Habermas, J. (2008). Normas y valores. Trotta.
Rawls, J. (1985). Justice as Fairness: Political, not Metaphysical. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 14(3), 223-251. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265349
Rawls, J. (1996). Liberalismo político. Crítica.
Rosenblatt, H. (2018). The Lost History of Liberalism: From Ancient Rome to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press.
Santibáñez, C. (2011). Certeza animal: ¿Un tercer Wittgenstein? Revista Atenea, (504), 177-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-04622011000200010
Santibáñez, C. (2012). ¿Desde el lenguaje a las instituciones? Discutiendo la propuesta de Searle. Estudios Filológicos, (50), 127-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0071-17132012000200008
Santibáñez, C. (2018). Origen y función de la argumentación. Pasos hacia una explicación evolutiva y cognitiva. Palestra Editores.
Scanlon, T. (1982). Constructivism and Utilitarianism. En A. Sen & B. Williams (Eds.), Utilitarianism and Beyond (pp. 103-128). Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. (2001). Rationality in Action. MIT Press.
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1996). Relevance: Communication and Cognition, 2.ª ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
Toulmin, S., Rieke, R. & Janik, A. (1979). Introduction to Reasoning. Macmillan Pub.
Van Eemeren, F. (2018). Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective. Springer.
Van Eemeren, F. H. & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Vega Reñón, L. (2017). Lógica para ciudadanos. Ensayos sobre Lógica civil. EAE.
Walton, D. (2006). Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation. Cambridge University Press.
Walton, D. & Krabbe, E. (1995). Commitment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning. State University of New York Press.
Wanderer, J. (2008). Robert Brandom. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Aberdein, A. (2014a). In Defence of Virtue: The Legitimacy of Agent-Based Argument Appraisal. Informal Logic, 34(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v34i1.3938
Aberdein, A. (2014b). Fallacy and argumentational vice. En D. Mohammed & M. Lewinski (Eds.), Virtues in Argumentation: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA). [CD-ROM].
Barber, B. (1984). Democracia fuerte. Almazara.
Bailin, S. & Battersby, M. (2016). Reason in the Balance: An Inquiry Approach to Critical Thinking. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Barber, B. (2000). Un lugar para todos: Cómo fortalecer la democracia y la sociedad civil. Paidós.
Benhabib, S. (1994). Deliberative rationality and models of democratic legitimacy. Constellations, 1(1), 26-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1994.tb00003.x
Bessette, J. (1980). Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government. En R. Golwin y W. Schambre (Eds.), How Democratic is the Constitution? (pp. 102-116). American Enterprise Institute.
Bessette, J. (1994). The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bohman, J. (1995). Public Reason and Cultural Pluralism: Political Liberalism and the Problem of Moral Conflict. Political Theory, 23(2), 253-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591795023002004
Bohman, J. (1996). Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy. MIT Press.
Bohman, J. (2016 [1998]). La madurez de la democracia deliberativa. Co-herencia, 13(24), 105-143. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.13.24.5
Brandom, R. (2000). Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism. Harvard University Press.
Brandom, R. (2002). La articulación de las razones. Siglo XXI.
Brandom, R. (2005). Hacerlo explícito. Herder.
Brower, B. (1994). The Limits of Public Reason. The Journal of Philosophy, 91(1), 5-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i352529
Cohen, D. (2009). Keeping an Open Mind and Having a Sense of Proportion as Virtues in Argumentation. Cogency, 1(2), 49-64.
Dryzek, J. (1990). Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy and Political Science. Cambridge University Press.
Dryzek, J. (2010). Rhetoric in Democracy: A Systemic Appreciation. Political Theory, 38(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709359596
Elstub, S. (2010). The Third Generation of Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies Review, 8(3), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00216.x
Enfield, N. & Kockelman, P. (Eds.). (2017). Distributed Agency. Oxford University Press.
Enfield, N. (2017). Distribution of Agency. En N. Enfield & P. Kockelman (Eds.), Distributed Agency (pp. 9-14). Oxford University Press.
García Jaramillo, L. (Coord.). (2011). La democracia deliberativa a debate. Fondo Editorial EAFIT.
Gigerenzer, G. (2007). Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals. How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Moral Satisficing: Rethinking Moral Behavior as Bounded. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(3), 528-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01094.x
Gigerenzer, G. & Brighton, H. (2009). Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 107-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x
González de Prado, J. & Zamora-Bonilla, J. (2015). Collective Actors without Collective Minds: An Inferentialist Approach. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 45(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393113520397
Goodin, R. (2003). Reflective Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Gutmann, A. (2003). Identity in Democracy. Princeton University Press.
Habermas, J. (1998a). Facticidad y validez. Trotta.
Habermas, J. (1998b). Reconciliación mediante el uso público de la razón. En J. Habermas & J. Rawls (Eds.), Debate sobre el liberalismo político (pp. 147-181). Paidós.
Hamblin, C. (1970). Fallacies. Methuen.
Hildebrandt, F. & Musholt, K. (2020). Teaching Rationality: Sustained Shared Thinking as a Means for Learning to Navigate the Space of Reason. Journal of Philosophy of Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12407
Hong, L. & Page, S. (2001). Problem Solving by Heterogeneous Agents. Journal of Economic Theory, 97(1), 123-163. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2709
Hong, L. & Page, S. (2012). Some Micro-foundations of collective Wisdom. En H. Landemore & J. Elster (Eds.), Collective Wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms (pp. 56-71). Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, R. & Hamby, B. (2015). A Meta-Level Approach to the Problem of Defining ‘Critical Thinking’. Argumentation, 29, 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10503-015-9356-4
Knight, J. & Johnson, J. (1994). Aggregation and deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy. Political Theory, 22(2), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591794022002004
Landemore, H. (2013). Democratic Reason. Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton University Press.
Leitão, S. (2000). The Potential of Argument in Knowledge Building. Human Development 43(6), 332-360. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022695
MacFarlane, J. (2010). Pragmatism and Inferentialism. En B. Weiss & J. Wanderer (Eds.), Reading Brandom (pp. 81-95). Routledge.
Manin, B. (1987). On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation. Political Theory, 15(3), 338-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591787015003005
Manin, B. (1998). Los principios del gobierno representativo. Alianza.
Mansbridge, J. J. (1983). Beyond Adversary Democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Mercier, H. & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason. A New Theory of Human Understanding. Allen Lane.
Mercier, H. & Landemore, H. (2012). Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation. Political Psychology, 33(2), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00873.x
Michelman, F. (1997). How Can the People Ever Make the Law? (A Critique of Deliberative Democracy). The Modern Schoolman, 74(4), 311-330.
Page, S. (2007). The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton University Press.
Pérez Zafrilla, P. J. (2017). La democracia en cuestión: Los ciudadanos demandan una política diferente. Biblioteca Nueva.
Putnam, H. & Habermas, J. (2008). Normas y valores. Trotta.
Rawls, J. (1985). Justice as Fairness: Political, not Metaphysical. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 14(3), 223-251. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265349
Rawls, J. (1996). Liberalismo político. Crítica.
Rosenblatt, H. (2018). The Lost History of Liberalism: From Ancient Rome to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press.
Santibáñez, C. (2011). Certeza animal: ¿Un tercer Wittgenstein? Revista Atenea, (504), 177-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-04622011000200010
Santibáñez, C. (2012). ¿Desde el lenguaje a las instituciones? Discutiendo la propuesta de Searle. Estudios Filológicos, (50), 127-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0071-17132012000200008
Santibáñez, C. (2018). Origen y función de la argumentación. Pasos hacia una explicación evolutiva y cognitiva. Palestra Editores.
Scanlon, T. (1982). Constructivism and Utilitarianism. En A. Sen & B. Williams (Eds.), Utilitarianism and Beyond (pp. 103-128). Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. (2001). Rationality in Action. MIT Press.
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1996). Relevance: Communication and Cognition, 2.ª ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
Toulmin, S., Rieke, R. & Janik, A. (1979). Introduction to Reasoning. Macmillan Pub.
Van Eemeren, F. (2018). Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective. Springer.
Van Eemeren, F. H. & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Vega Reñón, L. (2017). Lógica para ciudadanos. Ensayos sobre Lógica civil. EAE.
Walton, D. (2006). Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation. Cambridge University Press.
Walton, D. & Krabbe, E. (1995). Commitment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning. State University of New York Press.
Wanderer, J. (2008). Robert Brandom. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Article Sidebar
Publicado
jun 24, 2020
Article Details
Cómo citar
Santibáñez, C. (2020). Agente crítico, democracia deliberativa y el acto de dar razones. Co-Herencia, 17(32), 37–65. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.17.32.2
Sección
Dossier
Agencias de apoyo
Programa para la Cooperación Internacional de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo -ANID- de Chile
Biografía del autor/a
Cristián Santibáñez, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción
Profesor del Centro de Investigación en Educación y Desarrollo, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile. Ver perfil en Google Académico
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Avisos:
- No tiene que cumplir con la licencia para elementos del material de dominio público o cuando su uso esté permitido por una excepción o limitación aplicable .
- No se dan garantías. Es posible que la licencia no le otorgue todos los permisos necesarios para el uso previsto. Por ejemplo, otros derechos como la publicidad, la privacidad o los derechos morales pueden limitar la forma en que utiliza el material.
