The paradox of a Freedom of Thinking without a Freedom of Action in the State

Abstract

The Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise is a powerful defense of the freedoms of thought and expression. But the philosopher says, moreover, that no one is completely entitled to act according to their wishes and at its discretion, because everybody must unconditionally obey the laws, even the most absurd. Is it a paradox? Is it possible to separate clearly the fields of the freedom of expression and the freedom of action in political life? Is it possible to establish with precision the limits of freedom of action? To address this matter, the article reminds us a text of Spinoza, who, using the example of Ulysses with sirens, points out that obeying is not necessarily to fulfill the orders. It is not a matter of civil disobedience or of a right to rebellion, but of the right to a perfect obedience: a freedom of action in accordance with a truly common Constitution.