An Argumentative Approach to “Framing”. Framing, Deliberation and Action in an Environmental Conflict
Main Article Content
Keywords
Decision, deliberation, frame, framing, metaphor, policy, practical argument, Roşia Montană
Abstract
This paper proposes a new theorization of the concept of “framing”, in which argumentation has a central role. When decision-making is involved, to frame an issue is to offer the audience a salient and thus potentially overriding premise in a deliberative process that can ground decision and action. The analysis focuses on the Roşia Montană case, a conflict over policy that developed over the years into an environmental social movement and, in September 2013, culminated in the most significant public protests in Romania since the 1989 Revolution. Starting from Entman’s understanding of framing as “selection and salience”, several framing strategies are identified and discussed, illustrating three main mechanisms. The way in which “selection and salience” operates via a range of argument schemes in a deliberative, decision-making process, in order to produce framing effects (including, possibly, collective mobilization) is illustrated with examples from the 2013 campaign and protests (slogans, websites, blogs and newspaper articles).
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References
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Beciu, C., Ciocea, M. Mădroane, I.-D. & Cârlan, A. I. (Eds.). (2018). Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields. Peter Lang.
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
Bigi, S. & Morasso, S. G. (2012). Keywords, frames and the reconstruction of material starting points in argumentation. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(10), 1135-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.04.011
Cârlan, A. I., & Ciocea, M. (2014). Media deliberation on intra-EU migration. A qualitative approach to framing based on rhetorical analysis. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 16(3), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2014.3.177
Cârlan, A. I. & Ciocea, M. (2018). Media deliberation on intra-EU migration. A qualitative approach to framing based on rhetorical analysis. In C. Beciu, M. Ciocea, I. D. Mădroane & A. I. Cârlan (Eds.), Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields (pp. 115-137).
Peter Lang. Chiper, S. (2012). Roșia Montană and its publics: governance and participatory democracy at community and corporate level. Argumentum: Journal of the Seminar of Discursive Logic, Argumentation Theory and Rhetoric, 10(1), 82-105. https://bit.ly/3f3TiVy
Chong, D. & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103-127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
Ciobanu, C. (2013, September 17). Romanians mobilise in protest against gold mine plans. The Guardian. https://bit.ly/3d2C48X
D’Angelo, P. & Kuypers, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Doing News Framing Analysis. Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Routledge.
Diaconu, B. (2013, September 13). Urgia apelor nu vine din cer, ci de pe pământ. Adevărul. https://bit.ly/2zBiTEU
Egresi, I. (2011). The curse of the gold: discourses surrounding the project of the largest pit-mine in Europe. Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 5(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2011.52.57
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Fairclough, I. (2016). Evaluating policy as practical argumentation and deliberation: the public debate over the first UK Austerity Budget. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(1), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1074595
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Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced Students. Routledge.
Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2013). Argument, deliberation, dialectic and the nature of the political: A CDA perspective. Political Studies Review, 11(3), 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12025
Fairclough, I. & Mădroane, I. D. (2014). An argumentative approach to policy “framing”. Competing “frames” and policy conflict in the Roșia Montană case. In B. Garssen, D. Godden, G. Mitchell, & A. F. Snoeck Henkemans (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation. SicSat.
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Fillmore, C. J. (2006). Frame semantics. In E. K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, vol. 4 (pp. 613-620). Elsevier.
Fillmore, C. J. & Atkins, B. T. (1992). Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of risk and its neighbours. In A. Lehrer, & E. F. Kittay (Eds.), Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization (pp. 75-102). Erlbaum.
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https://bit.ly/2y2qXhM
Gamson, W. A. (1995). Constructing social protest. In H. Johnston, & B. Klandersmans (Eds.), Social Movements and Culture 4 (pp. 85-106). University of Minnesota Press.
Gamson, W. A. (2013). Injustice frames. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social and Political Movements (pp. 607-608). Willey-Blackwell.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. University of California Press.
Gold Corporation Roșia Montană ( n. d .). Campania S alvaţi Roșia Montană. https://www.rmgc.ro/
Goţiu, M. (2013). Afacerea Roșia Montană. TACT. International Computer Science Institute at Berkeley, California (n. d.).
FrameNet Project. https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/
King of Romania [blog] (2013). The complete and true story of Roșia Montană. At: HYPERLINK https://kingofromania.com/2013/09/16/the-complete-and-true-story-of-Roșia-Montană/ (last accessed October
23, 2019).
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed), Metaphor and Thought, 2.a ed. (pp. 202-251). Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (2004). Don’t think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate. Chelsea Green Publishing.
Lakoff, G. (2016). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (3.a ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.
Lewiński, M. (2016). Shale gas debate in Europe: Pro-and-con dialectics and argumentative polylogues. Discourse & Communication, 10(6), 553-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674773
Mădroane, I. D. (2014). Citizens’ consultations –public spaces of argument evaluation? A view from critical discourse analysis. Romanian Journal of English Studies, 11(1), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjes-2014-0024
Mădroane, I. D. (2016). Metaphors and calls for action in media advocacy campaigns on social issues. In L. Pungă (Ed.), Language in Use: Metaphors in Non-Literary Contexts (pp. 169-191). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Mădroane, I. D. (2018). Migrant identities and practices in media advocacy campaigns: The construction of claims and audiences. In C. Beciu, M. Ciocea, I. D. Mădroane, & A. I. Cârlan (Eds.), Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields (pp. 175-198). Peter Lang.
Mădroane, I. D. (2019). Television dispositives and the enactment of advocacy arguments. In F. H. van Eemeren & B. Garssen (Eds.), Argumentation in Actual Practice: Topical studies about argumentative discourse in context, vol. 17 (pp. 33-59). John Benjamins.
Miller, D. W. (1994). Critical rationalism: A restatement and defence. Open Court.
Miller, D. W. (2006). Out of error. Further essays on critical rationalism. Routledge.
Monbiot, G. (2001). Captive State. The Corporate Takeover of Britain. Pan Books.
Morasso, S. G. (2012). Contextual frames and their argumentative implications: a case-study in media argumentation. Discourse Studies, 14(2), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611433636
Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583. https://doi.org/10.2307/2952075
Nisbet, M. C. (2010). Knowledge into action: Framing the debates over climate change and poverty. In P. D’Angelo & J. A. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis (pp. 43-83). Routledge.
Noakes, J. A., & Johnston, H. (2005). Frames of protest: A road map to a perspective. In H. Johnston & J. A. Noakes (Eds.), Frames of Protest: Social Movements and the Framing Perspective (pp. 1-29). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Schön, D. A. (1993). Generative metaphor: a perspective on problemsetting in social policy. In A. Ortony (Ed), Metaphor and Thought, 2.a ed. (pp. 137-163). Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (2010). Making the Social World. The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford University Press.
Sniderman, P. M., & Theriault, S. M. (2004). The Structure of political argument and the logic of issue framing. In P. M. Sniderman, & W. E. Saris (Eds.), Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurements, Error and Change ( pp. 1 33-155). P rinceton University Press.
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Todorov, T. (1977). The Poetics of Prose. Blackwell.
Toolan, M. (2012). Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction (2.a ed.). Routledge.
Van Eemeren, F. H. (2010). Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse. John Benjamins.
Van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation. The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Velicu, I. (2012). To sell or not to sell: landscapes of resistance to neoliberal globalization in Transylvania. Globalizations, 9(2), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2012.658253
Velicu, I. (2014). Moral versus commercial economies: Transylvanian stories. New Political Science, 36(2), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2014.883804
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BBC News (2019b, June 25). Alliou Sal, Senegal president’s brother, resigns post amid corruption claim. At: https://www.bbc.com/news/worldafrica-48753099 (last accessed October 25, 2019).
Beciu, C., Ciocea, M. Mădroane, I.-D. & Cârlan, A. I. (Eds.). (2018). Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields. Peter Lang.
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
Bigi, S. & Morasso, S. G. (2012). Keywords, frames and the reconstruction of material starting points in argumentation. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(10), 1135-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.04.011
Cârlan, A. I., & Ciocea, M. (2014). Media deliberation on intra-EU migration. A qualitative approach to framing based on rhetorical analysis. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 16(3), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2014.3.177
Cârlan, A. I. & Ciocea, M. (2018). Media deliberation on intra-EU migration. A qualitative approach to framing based on rhetorical analysis. In C. Beciu, M. Ciocea, I. D. Mădroane & A. I. Cârlan (Eds.), Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields (pp. 115-137).
Peter Lang. Chiper, S. (2012). Roșia Montană and its publics: governance and participatory democracy at community and corporate level. Argumentum: Journal of the Seminar of Discursive Logic, Argumentation Theory and Rhetoric, 10(1), 82-105. https://bit.ly/3f3TiVy
Chong, D. & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103-127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
Ciobanu, C. (2013, September 17). Romanians mobilise in protest against gold mine plans. The Guardian. https://bit.ly/3d2C48X
D’Angelo, P. & Kuypers, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Doing News Framing Analysis. Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Routledge.
Diaconu, B. (2013, September 13). Urgia apelor nu vine din cer, ci de pe pământ. Adevărul. https://bit.ly/2zBiTEU
Egresi, I. (2011). The curse of the gold: discourses surrounding the project of the largest pit-mine in Europe. Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 5(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2011.52.57
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Fairclough, I. (2016). Evaluating policy as practical argumentation and deliberation: the public debate over the first UK Austerity Budget. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(1), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1074595
Fairclough, I. (2018). “Conductive” Argumentation in the UK Fracking Debate. In: Oswald, S. & Maillat, D. (Eds.), Argumentation and Inference: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Argumentation, vol. 2 (pp. 299-312). College Publications.
Fairclough, I. (2019a). Deontic power and institutional contexts: The impact of institutional design on deliberation and decision-making in the UK fracking debate. Journal of Argumentation in Context, 8(1), 138-173. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21846/
Fairclough, I. (2019b). Is there such a thing as a “conductive argument”? Pro/con argumentation in the temporal unfolding of a deliberative process. In B. Garssen, D. Godden, G. R. Mitchell, J. Wagemans (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (pp. 342-351). SicSat. https://bit.ly/3bPEtUi
Fairclough, I. (2019c). Is ‘conductive’ argument a single argument? In F. H. Van Eemeren, & B. Garssen, (Eds.), From argument schemes to argumentative relations in the wild. A variety of contributions to argumentation theory (pp. 223-238). Springer.
Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2011). Practical reasoning in political discourse: the UK government’s response to the economic crisis in the 2008 Pre-Budget Report. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510395439
Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced Students. Routledge.
Fairclough, I. & Fairclough, N. (2013). Argument, deliberation, dialectic and the nature of the political: A CDA perspective. Political Studies Review, 11(3), 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12025
Fairclough, I. & Mădroane, I. D. (2014). An argumentative approach to policy “framing”. Competing “frames” and policy conflict in the Roșia Montană case. In B. Garssen, D. Godden, G. Mitchell, & A. F. Snoeck Henkemans (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation. SicSat.
Fillmore, C. J. (1985). Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2), 222-254. https://bit.ly/35ge67x
Fillmore, C. J. (2006). Frame semantics. In E. K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, vol. 4 (pp. 613-620). Elsevier.
Fillmore, C. J. & Atkins, B. T. (1992). Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of risk and its neighbours. In A. Lehrer, & E. F. Kittay (Eds.), Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization (pp. 75-102). Erlbaum.
Gabriel Resources (2015). The Roșia Montană Gold & Silver Project: A Project for Romania. Roșia Montană Website, Investors Presentations [BMO Capital Markets 23rd Global Metals & Mining Conference].
https://bit.ly/2y2qXhM
Gamson, W. A. (1995). Constructing social protest. In H. Johnston, & B. Klandersmans (Eds.), Social Movements and Culture 4 (pp. 85-106). University of Minnesota Press.
Gamson, W. A. (2013). Injustice frames. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social and Political Movements (pp. 607-608). Willey-Blackwell.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. University of California Press.
Gold Corporation Roșia Montană ( n. d .). Campania S alvaţi Roșia Montană. https://www.rmgc.ro/
Goţiu, M. (2013). Afacerea Roșia Montană. TACT. International Computer Science Institute at Berkeley, California (n. d.).
FrameNet Project. https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/
King of Romania [blog] (2013). The complete and true story of Roșia Montană. At: HYPERLINK https://kingofromania.com/2013/09/16/the-complete-and-true-story-of-Roșia-Montană/ (last accessed October
23, 2019).
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed), Metaphor and Thought, 2.a ed. (pp. 202-251). Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (2004). Don’t think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate. Chelsea Green Publishing.
Lakoff, G. (2016). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (3.a ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.
Lewiński, M. (2016). Shale gas debate in Europe: Pro-and-con dialectics and argumentative polylogues. Discourse & Communication, 10(6), 553-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674773
Mădroane, I. D. (2014). Citizens’ consultations –public spaces of argument evaluation? A view from critical discourse analysis. Romanian Journal of English Studies, 11(1), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjes-2014-0024
Mădroane, I. D. (2016). Metaphors and calls for action in media advocacy campaigns on social issues. In L. Pungă (Ed.), Language in Use: Metaphors in Non-Literary Contexts (pp. 169-191). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Mădroane, I. D. (2018). Migrant identities and practices in media advocacy campaigns: The construction of claims and audiences. In C. Beciu, M. Ciocea, I. D. Mădroane, & A. I. Cârlan (Eds.), Debating Migration as a Public Problem: National Publics and Transnational Fields (pp. 175-198). Peter Lang.
Mădroane, I. D. (2019). Television dispositives and the enactment of advocacy arguments. In F. H. van Eemeren & B. Garssen (Eds.), Argumentation in Actual Practice: Topical studies about argumentative discourse in context, vol. 17 (pp. 33-59). John Benjamins.
Miller, D. W. (1994). Critical rationalism: A restatement and defence. Open Court.
Miller, D. W. (2006). Out of error. Further essays on critical rationalism. Routledge.
Monbiot, G. (2001). Captive State. The Corporate Takeover of Britain. Pan Books.
Morasso, S. G. (2012). Contextual frames and their argumentative implications: a case-study in media argumentation. Discourse Studies, 14(2), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611433636
Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583. https://doi.org/10.2307/2952075
Nisbet, M. C. (2010). Knowledge into action: Framing the debates over climate change and poverty. In P. D’Angelo & J. A. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis (pp. 43-83). Routledge.
Noakes, J. A., & Johnston, H. (2005). Frames of protest: A road map to a perspective. In H. Johnston & J. A. Noakes (Eds.), Frames of Protest: Social Movements and the Framing Perspective (pp. 1-29). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Plăiaș, I. (2012). Reflection upon the usefulness of the Roșia Montană project. In P. Cocean (Ed.), Roșia Montană in Universal History (pp. 58-67) [Romanian Academy, Babeș-Bolyai University, icomos Romania]. Cluj University Press.
Proiectul Roșia Montană/Roșia Montană Project (n. d.). RMGC: Roșia Montană G old C orporation - P roiectul R oșia Montană [Roșia Montană Gold Corporation Website]. https://bit.ly/3f1cjI4
Propp, V. (1975 [1928]). The Morphology of the Folk Tale. University of Texas Press. Reese, S. D. (2001). Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World (pp. 7-31). Erlbaum.
Sandru, A. (2018, July 2). Vlad Alexandrescu, despre situația Roșiei Montane: Statul, acaparat de o gașcă de ticăloși, a trădat mișelește interesele Romaniei. Ziare.com. https://bit.ly/3bJtYlw
Schön, D. A. (1993). Generative metaphor: a perspective on problemsetting in social policy. In A. Ortony (Ed), Metaphor and Thought, 2.a ed. (pp. 137-163). Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (2010). Making the Social World. The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford University Press.
Sniderman, P. M., & Theriault, S. M. (2004). The Structure of political argument and the logic of issue framing. In P. M. Sniderman, & W. E. Saris (Eds.), Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurements, Error and Change ( pp. 1 33-155). P rinceton University Press.
Soare, S. & Tufiș, C. D. (2020). ‘Roșia Montană, the revolution of our generation’: from environmental to total activism. European Politics and Society, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1729052
Todorov, T. (1977). The Poetics of Prose. Blackwell.
Toolan, M. (2012). Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction (2.a ed.). Routledge.
Van Eemeren, F. H. (2010). Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse. John Benjamins.
Van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation. The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Velicu, I. (2012). To sell or not to sell: landscapes of resistance to neoliberal globalization in Transylvania. Globalizations, 9(2), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2012.658253
Velicu, I. (2014). Moral versus commercial economies: Transylvanian stories. New Political Science, 36(2), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2014.883804
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Published
Jun 24, 2020
Article Details
How to Cite
Fairclough, I., & Mădroane, I. D. (2020). An Argumentative Approach to “Framing”. Framing, Deliberation and Action in an Environmental Conflict. Co-Herencia, 17(32), 119–158. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.17.32.5
Section
Dossier
Supporting Agencies
University of Central Lancashire, West University of Timișoara
Author Biographies
Isabela Fairclough, University of Central Lancashire
School of Humanities, Language and Global Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE United Kingdom.
Irina Diana Mădroane, University of Timișoara
Department of Modern Languages and Literatures, West University of Timișoara, Romania.
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