Assesment of the Mechanical Variability of Rock Slabs by Means of Non-Destructive Tests
Main Article Content
Keywords
rock material, Sodalite, Schmidt-L hammer, mechanical strength, spatial variability.
Abstract
In this article it is described a systematic test campaign —with the Schmidt- L-type rebound hammer— that was performed at a Sodalite slab of 0:05m thick in a square area of 2:0m of side. This research revealed that the studied ornamental rock has an inherent variability by it-self, in respect to their mechanical strength; and also a spatial variability related to their position, this last with a clear sign of a preferential direction. These variabilities can be detected with the proposed test-campaign and the use of geostatistics; whose conclusions are useful for the the quality control of rock-material-slabs used for ornamental purposes.
PACS: 91.60.-x, 83.80.Nb
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References
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[26] S. Kahraman, “Basinç direnci tahmininde schmidt ve nokta yük indeksi kullanmanin güvenirliˆgi,” in KTÜ Jeoloji Mühendisliˆgi Bölümü, v. Korkmaz and M. Akçay, Eds., vol. 30. Trabzon: Yil Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi, 1996, pp. 362–369. 228
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[29] C. Sachpazis, “Correlating Schmidt hammer rebound number with compressive strength and Young’s modulus of carbonate rocks,” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 42, pp. 45–83, 1990. 229, 240
[30] S. Xu, P. Grasso, and M. Mahtab, “Use of Schmid hammer for estimating mechanical properties of weak rock,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Association for Engineering Geology Congress, D. Price, Ed., International Association for Engineering Geology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Balkema Rotterdam, August 1990, pp. 511–519. 229
[31] G. Aggistalis, A. Alivizatos, D. Stamoulis, and G. Stournaras, “Correlating uniaxial compressive strength with Schmidt hammer rebound number, point load index, Young’s modulus, and mineralogy of gabbros and basalts (Northern Greece),” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 54, pp. 3–11, 1996. 229
[32] C. Gökceoglu, “Schmidt sertlik cekici kullamlarak tahmin edilen tek eksenli basinc dayanini verilerinin güvenirligi üzerine bir degerlendirme,” Jeol Müh, vol. 48, pp. 78–81, 1996. 229
[33] I. Yilmaz and H. Sendir, “Correlation of Schmidt hammer rebound number with unconfined compressive strength and Young’s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey),” Engineering Geology, vol. 66, pp. 211–219, 2002. 229
[34] I. Dincer, A. Acar, I. Cobanoglu, and Y. Uras, “Correlation between Schmidt hardness uniaxial compressive strength and young’s modulus for andesitesbasalts and tuffs,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 63, pp. 141–148, 2004. 229
[35] B. Balderrama Zárate, “Magmatismo mesozoico del complejo alcalino del cerro sapo,” BSc. Thesis, Carrera de Geoloía, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, 2003. 231
[36] F. Schultz, B. Lehman, S. Tawackoli, R. Rössling, B. Belyatsky, and P. Dulski, “Carbonite diversity in the Central Andes: the Ayopaya alkaline province, Bolivia,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 391–408, 2004. 231j
[2] ISRM, “Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 319–368, 1978. 224, 227
[3] R. Göktan and C. Ayday, “Suggested improvement to the Schmidt rebound hardness ISRM suggested method with particular reference to rock machineability,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 30, pp. 321–322, 1993. 224
[4] Soiltest, Operating instructions, concrete test hammer, Soiltest Inc., 1976. 225
[5] J. Matthews and R. Shakesby, “The status of the little ice age in southern norway, relative age dating of Neoglacial moraines with Schmidt hammer and lichenometry,” Boreas, vol. 13, pp. 333–346, 1984. 225
[6] A. Kazi and Z. Al-Mansour, “Empirical relationship between Los Angeles abrasion and Schmidt hammer strength tests with application to aggregates around
Jeddah,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 13, pp. 45–52, 1980. 225
[7] O. Katz, Z. Reches, and J. Roegiers, “Evaluation of mechanical rock properties using a Schmidt hammer,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 37, pp. 723–728, 2000. 225, 228, 229
[8] R. Poole and I. Farmer, “Consistency and repeatability of Schmidt hammer rebound data during field testing,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 17, pp. 167–71, 1980. 225, 226
[9] V. Hucka, “A rapid method for determining the strength of rocks in situ,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 2, pp. 127–134, 1965. 225
[10] GBG, “Structural services, material testing and structural investigations: Rebound hammer testing,” http://www.gbg.co.uk/index.php?page=strrebound, 2004, accessed on August 2010. 225
[11] U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering Geology field manual: Field index tests, 1st ed., U.S. Bureau of Reclamation & U.S. Departtment of Interior, 1998. 225
[12] P. Sumner and W. Nel, “The effect of rock moisture on Schmidt hammer rebound, tests on rock samples from Marion Island and South Africa,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 27, pp. 1137–1142, 2002. 225
[13] ASTM D5873-05, “Test method for determination of rock hardness by rebound hammer method,” PA: ASTM International, Philadelphia, Tech. Rep., 2006. 225, 227
[14] ASTM C805-02, “Standard test method for rebound number of hardened concrete,” PA: ASTM International, Philadelphia, Tech. Rep., 2002. 225
[15] D. Kennedy and M. Dickson, “Lithological control on the elevation of shore platforms in a microtidal setting,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1575–1584, 2006, doi: 10.1002/esp.1358. 226
[16] C. Ayday and R. Göktan, “Correlations between L and N-type Schmidt hammer rebound values obtained during field testing,” in Proceedings of the ISRM Regional Symposium: Rock Characterization, EUROCK 1992, J. Hudson, Ed., vol. 1, British Geotechnical Society. Chester, UK: Thomas Telford, London, 1992, pp. 47–50. 226
[17] I. Buyuksagis and R. Göktan, “The effect of Schmidt hammer type on uniaxial compressive strength prediction of rock,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 44, pp. 299–307, 2007. 226, 228
[18] L. Suárez-Burgoa, Descripción del macizo rocoso: introducción a la ingeniería de rocas de superficie y subterránea, 2nd ed. Medellín: El Autor, Jul 2013. 227
[19] H. Viles, A. Goudie, S. Grab, and J. Lalley, “The use of the Schmidt hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: A comparative analysis,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 320–333, 2011, doi: 10.1002/esp.2040. 227
[20] D. Deere and R. Miller, “Engineering classifications and index properties of intact rock,” University of Illinois, Technical Report AFWL-TR 65-116, 1966. 228, 229
[21] E. Aufmuth, “A systematic determination of engineering criteria for rocks,” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 11, pp. 235–245, 1973. 228, 229
[22] B. Beverly, D. Schönwolf, and G. Brierly, “Correlations of rock index values with engineering properties and the classification of intact rocks,” Federal Highway Administration, Waschington D.C., Technical Report, January 1979. 228, 229
[23] P. Shorey, D. Barat, M. Das, K. Mukherjee, and B. Singh, “Schmidt hammer rebound data for estimation of large scale in-situ coal strength,” International
Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 21, pp. 39–42, 1984. 228
[24] K. Haramy and M. DeMarco, “Use of Schmidt hammer for rock and coal testing,” in Proceedings of the 26th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, E. Ashworth, Ed., South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Rapid City, SD: Balkema Rotterdam, June 1985, pp. 549–555. 228
[25] A. Ghose and S. Chakraborti, “Empirical strength indices of Indian coals: An investigation,” in Proceedings of the 27th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics: Key to energy production, H. Hartman, Ed., University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, AL: Balkema Rotterdam, June 1986, pp. 59–61. 228
[26] S. Kahraman, “Basinç direnci tahmininde schmidt ve nokta yük indeksi kullanmanin güvenirliˆgi,” in KTÜ Jeoloji Mühendisliˆgi Bölümü, v. Korkmaz and M. Akçay, Eds., vol. 30. Trabzon: Yil Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi, 1996, pp. 362–369. 228
[27] R. Singh, F. Hassani, and P. Elkington, “The application of strength and deformation index testing to the stability assessment of coal measures excavations,” in Proceedings of the 24th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics: Rock Mechanics Theory, Experiment, Practice, C. Mathewson, Ed., Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1983, pp. 599–609. 229
[28] J. O’Rourke, “Rock index properties for geo-engineering in underground development,” Mining Engineering, pp. 106–110, 1989. 229
[29] C. Sachpazis, “Correlating Schmidt hammer rebound number with compressive strength and Young’s modulus of carbonate rocks,” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 42, pp. 45–83, 1990. 229, 240
[30] S. Xu, P. Grasso, and M. Mahtab, “Use of Schmid hammer for estimating mechanical properties of weak rock,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Association for Engineering Geology Congress, D. Price, Ed., International Association for Engineering Geology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Balkema Rotterdam, August 1990, pp. 511–519. 229
[31] G. Aggistalis, A. Alivizatos, D. Stamoulis, and G. Stournaras, “Correlating uniaxial compressive strength with Schmidt hammer rebound number, point load index, Young’s modulus, and mineralogy of gabbros and basalts (Northern Greece),” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, vol. 54, pp. 3–11, 1996. 229
[32] C. Gökceoglu, “Schmidt sertlik cekici kullamlarak tahmin edilen tek eksenli basinc dayanini verilerinin güvenirligi üzerine bir degerlendirme,” Jeol Müh, vol. 48, pp. 78–81, 1996. 229
[33] I. Yilmaz and H. Sendir, “Correlation of Schmidt hammer rebound number with unconfined compressive strength and Young’s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey),” Engineering Geology, vol. 66, pp. 211–219, 2002. 229
[34] I. Dincer, A. Acar, I. Cobanoglu, and Y. Uras, “Correlation between Schmidt hardness uniaxial compressive strength and young’s modulus for andesitesbasalts and tuffs,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 63, pp. 141–148, 2004. 229
[35] B. Balderrama Zárate, “Magmatismo mesozoico del complejo alcalino del cerro sapo,” BSc. Thesis, Carrera de Geoloía, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, 2003. 231
[36] F. Schultz, B. Lehman, S. Tawackoli, R. Rössling, B. Belyatsky, and P. Dulski, “Carbonite diversity in the Central Andes: the Ayopaya alkaline province, Bolivia,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 391–408, 2004. 231j