La aplicación restringida de Rawls en la ética de la empresa: una concepción política de la teoría de los stakeholders y de la moralidad de los mercados
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Keywords
Rawls, Teoría de los stakeholders (fundamentación normativa), Teoría del contrato social, Enfoque de los mercados morales, Ética de las organizaciones
Resumen
El presente ensayo sostiene que los principios de justicia de Rawls proporcionan una fundamentación normativa para la teoría de los stakeholders. Los principios articulan (en un nivel abstracto) los derechos de los ciudadanos; estos derechos crean intereses en todos los aspectos de la sociedad, incluyendo el ámbito de la actividad económica; y, por lo tanto, los stakeholders –en calidad de ciudadanos–tienen intereses legítimos en dicho ámbito. Así, la obra de Rawls nos obliga a fundamentar cuestiones de la ética de la empresa en la filosofía política: los derechos e intereses de los stakeholders (que son los derechos e intereses de los ciudadanos en la esfera económica) están protegidos en el nivel institucional, por lo que no pueden venir determinados por los directivos ni las corporaciones.
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Referencias
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Boatright, J. R., 1999, “Does Business Ethics Rest on a Mistake?”, en: Bu-siness Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 583-591.
Child, J. W. – Marcoux, A. M., 1999, “Freeman and Evan: Stakeholder Theory in the Original Position”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 207-223.
Cohen, G. A., 2000, If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come You’re So Rich?Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Daniels, N., 2003, “Democratic Equality: Rawl’s Complex Egalitarianism”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Doane, D., 2005, “The Myth of CSR: The Problem with Assuming the Companies Can Do Well While also Doing Good is that Markets Don’t Really Work that Way”, en: Stanford Social Innovation Review (Fall issue), pp. 22-29.
Donaldson, T. – Dunfee, T. W., 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Donaldson, T. – Preston, L. E., 1995, “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence and Implications”, en: Academy of Ma-nagement Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 65-91.
Dreben, B., 2003, “On Rawls and Political Liberalism”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
Freeman, R. E., 1994, “The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 409-421.
Freeman, S., 2003, “Introduction”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, S., 2007, Rawls. Nueva York: Routledge.
Freeman, R. E. – Harrison, J. S. – Wicks, A. C., 2007, Managing for Stake-holders: Survival, Reputation and Success. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Friedman, M., 1970, “The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits”, en: The New York Times Magazine.
Hartman, E. M., 2001, “Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy, and Or-ganizational Ethics: A Reply to Phillips and Margolis”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 673-685.
Hsieh, N., 2005, “Rawlsian Justice and Workplace Republicanism”, en: Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 115-137.
Marens, R., 2007, “Returning to Rawls: Social Contracting, Social Justice, and Transcending the Limitations of Locke”, en: The Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
Phillips, R., 2003, Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Ethics. San Fran-cisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Phillips, R. A. – Margolis, J. D., 1999, “Toward and Ethics of Organiza-tions”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 619-638.
Rawls, J., 1993, Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition. Nueva York: Colum-bia University Press.
Rawls, J., 1999a, A Theory of Justice, edición revisada, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J., 1999b, The Law of Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J., 2001, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambrige: Harvard Uni-versity Press.
Reich, R. B., 2008, Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Demo-cracy, and Everyday Life. Nueva York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Smith, J. D., 2005, “Moral Markets and Moral Managers Revisited”, en: Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 6, pp. 129-141.
Sollars, G., 2002, “The Corporation as Actual Agreement”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 351-370.
Boatright, J. R., 1999, “Does Business Ethics Rest on a Mistake?”, en: Bu-siness Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 583-591.
Child, J. W. – Marcoux, A. M., 1999, “Freeman and Evan: Stakeholder Theory in the Original Position”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 207-223.
Cohen, G. A., 2000, If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come You’re So Rich?Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Daniels, N., 2003, “Democratic Equality: Rawl’s Complex Egalitarianism”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Doane, D., 2005, “The Myth of CSR: The Problem with Assuming the Companies Can Do Well While also Doing Good is that Markets Don’t Really Work that Way”, en: Stanford Social Innovation Review (Fall issue), pp. 22-29.
Donaldson, T. – Dunfee, T. W., 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Donaldson, T. – Preston, L. E., 1995, “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence and Implications”, en: Academy of Ma-nagement Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 65-91.
Dreben, B., 2003, “On Rawls and Political Liberalism”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
Freeman, R. E., 1994, “The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 409-421.
Freeman, S., 2003, “Introduction”, en: S. Freeman (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, S., 2007, Rawls. Nueva York: Routledge.
Freeman, R. E. – Harrison, J. S. – Wicks, A. C., 2007, Managing for Stake-holders: Survival, Reputation and Success. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Friedman, M., 1970, “The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits”, en: The New York Times Magazine.
Hartman, E. M., 2001, “Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy, and Or-ganizational Ethics: A Reply to Phillips and Margolis”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 673-685.
Hsieh, N., 2005, “Rawlsian Justice and Workplace Republicanism”, en: Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 115-137.
Marens, R., 2007, “Returning to Rawls: Social Contracting, Social Justice, and Transcending the Limitations of Locke”, en: The Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
Phillips, R., 2003, Stakeholder Theory and Organizational Ethics. San Fran-cisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Phillips, R. A. – Margolis, J. D., 1999, “Toward and Ethics of Organiza-tions”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 619-638.
Rawls, J., 1993, Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition. Nueva York: Colum-bia University Press.
Rawls, J., 1999a, A Theory of Justice, edición revisada, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J., 1999b, The Law of Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J., 2001, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambrige: Harvard Uni-versity Press.
Reich, R. B., 2008, Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Demo-cracy, and Everyday Life. Nueva York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Smith, J. D., 2005, “Moral Markets and Moral Managers Revisited”, en: Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 6, pp. 129-141.
Sollars, G., 2002, “The Corporation as Actual Agreement”, en: Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 351-370.
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jul 16, 2012
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Cohen, M. A. (2012). La aplicación restringida de Rawls en la ética de la empresa: una concepción política de la teoría de los stakeholders y de la moralidad de los mercados. Co-Herencia, 9(16), 145–184. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.9.16.6
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Marc A. Cohen, Universidad de Seattle
Doctor en Filosofía, Universidad de Pensilvania-Estados Unidos. Profesor asistente, Departamento de Gerencia y Departamento de Filosofía, Universidad de Seattle-Estados Unidos. Agradezco a John Dienhart, Maria Derdevandis y Jeff Helmreich por sus múltiples y útiles sugerencias, y por su estímulo.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
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