La madurez de la democracia deliberativa
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Resumo
Reviso tres maneras diferentes como los ideales de la democracia deliberativa han cambiado a la luz de las preocupaciones prácticas sobre su viabilidad, es decir, haciendo cada vez más importante el problema de cómo este ideal puede acercarse a sociedades caracterizadas por profundos desacuerdos, problemas sociales de enorme complejidad e instrumentos inoperantes en sus instituciones existentes. En primer lugar, las teorías de la democracia deliberativa enfatizan el proceso mismo de la deliberación, y no sus condiciones y procedimientos ideales y contrafácticos. En segundo lugar, los demócratas deliberativos se interesan cada vez más en los problemas de la institucionalización, en hacer del voto, la regla de mayorías, la representación, los tribunales y el derecho constitucional, instituciones más deliberativas, en pro de una mayor democracia directa. En tercer lugar, los deliberativistas se ocupan de examinar y comparar los diferentes escenarios y procedimientos de la deliberación, señalando problemas empíricos y obstáculos que no siempre pueden anticiparse al recurrir únicamente a argumentos conceptuales.
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Referências
Barber, Benjamin (1984). Strong Democracy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Benhabib, Seyla (ed.) (1996a). Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla (1996b). “Toward a deliberative model of democratic le-gitimacy”. En: Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Bessette, Joseph (1980). “Deliberative democracy: the majority princi-ple in republican government”. En: Robert Goldwin y William Shambra (eds.). How Democratic is the Constitution? Washington, D.C: American Enterprise Institute.
Bessette, Joseph (1994). The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American Constitutional Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bickford, Susan (1996). The Dissonance of Democracy: Listening, Conflict and Citizenship. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Bohman, James (1996). Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity and De-mocracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James (1997a). “Deliberative democracy and effective social freedom”. En: James Bohman y William Regh (eds.). Deliberative Democra-cy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James (1997b). “The public spheres of the world citizen”. En: James Bohman y Matthias Lutz-Bachmann (eds.). Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James y William Rehg (eds.) (1997a). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James y William Rehg (1997b). “Introduction”. En: Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chambers, Simone (1995). “Discourse and democratic practices”. En: Stephen White (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Habermas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chambers, Simone (1996). Reasonable Democracy: Jürgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse. Ithaca. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Christiano, Thomas (1996). The Rule of the Many. Boulder: Westview Press.
Christiano, Thomas (1997). “The significance of deliberation”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cohen, Joshua (1986). “An epistemic conception of democracy”. En: Ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cohen, Joshua (1989). “Deliberation and democratic legitimacy”. En: Alan Hamlin y Philip Pettit (eds.). The Good Polity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, Joshua (1996). “Procedure and substance in deliberative democra-cy”. En: Sheyla Benhabib. Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Prince-ton University Press.
Cohen, Joshua y Joel Rogers (1992). “Secondary associations and demo-cratic governance”. En: Politics and Society. Nueva York: Columbia Uni-versity.
Crocker, David (2000). “Truth commissions, transitional justice, and civil society”. En: Robert I. Rotberg y Dennis Thompson (eds.). Truth v. Justice: The Moral Efficacy of Truth Commissions: South Africa and Beyond. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
D’Agostino, Fred (1996). Free Public Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dewey, John (1988). The Public and Its Problems in John Dewey. Vol. 2, The Later Works. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Dryzek, John (1996). Democracy in Capitalist Times: Ideals, Limits and Stru-ggles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elster, Jon (1986). “The market and the forum”. En: John Elster y Aanund Hyllund (eds.). The Foundations of Social Choice Theory. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Elster, Jon (1998a). “Deliberation and constitution making”. En: Jon Els-ter (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press.
Elster, Jon (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
Elster, Jon (1998c). “Introduction”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Delibera-tive Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Estlund, David (1993a). Who’s afraid of deliberative democracy? On the stra-tegic/ deliberative dichotomy in recent constitutional jurisprudence. Texas: Law Review.
Estlund, David (1993b). “Making truth safe for democracy”. En: David Copp, Jean Hampton y John Roemer (eds.). The Idea of Democracy. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Estlund, David (1997). “Beyond fairness of deliberation: the epistemic dimension of democratic authority”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fearon, James (1998). “Deliberation as discussion”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flyvbjerg, Bent (1998). Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press.
Gambetta, Diego (1998). “‘Claro!’ An essay on discursive machismo”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gaus, Gerald (1996). Justicatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gaus, Gerald (1997). “Looking for the best and finding none better: the epistemic case for deliberative democracy”. En: The Modern Schoolman. San Louis: Saint Louis University.
Gutmann, Amy y Dennis Thompson (1996). Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphe-re. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1975). Legitimation Crisis. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1996a). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1996b). “Popular sovereignty as procedure”. En: Haber-mas (1996a). Reimpreso en James Bohman y William Rehg. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Held, David (1995). Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Oxford: Polity Press.
Johnson, James (1998). “Arguing for deliberation”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Knight, Jack y James Johnson (1994). “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”. En: Political Theory. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Knight, Jack y James Johnson (1997). “What sort of Equality Does Delibe-rative Democracy require?”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg. Delibera-tive Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. (1980). Beyond Adversarial Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Michelman, Frank (1988). “Law’s republic”. En: TheYale Law Journal. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Michelman, Frank (1997). “Can the people ever really make the Laws?: a critique of deliberative democracy”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nino, Carlos (1996). The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy. New Ha-ven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Page, Benjamin (1995). Who Deliberates? Mass Media and Modern Demo-cracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Przeworski, Adam (1998). “Deliberation and ideological domination”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rawls, John (1993). Political Liberalism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, John (1996). “Introduction”. En: Political Liberalism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, John (1997). The idea of public reason revisited. University of Chicago Law Review.
Rehg, William (1997). “Legitimacy and deliberation in the epistemic con-ception of democracy: between Estlund and Habermas”. En: The Modern Schoolman, Vol. 74, No. 74, pp. 355-374.
Richardson, Henry (1997). “Democratic intentions”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sanders, Lynn (1997). “Against deliberation”. En: Political Theory. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Solum, Lawrence (1993). “Constructing an ideal of public reason”. En: San Diego Law Review. San Diego: University of San Diego.
Stokes, Susan (1998). “Pathologies of deliberation”. En: Jon Elster (ed.). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sunstein, Cass (1991). “Preferences and politics”. En: Philosophy and Public Affairs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Uhr, John (1998). Deliberative Democracy in Australia: The Changing Place of Parliament. Front Cover. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Young, Iris (1996). “Communication and the other: beyond deliberative democracy”. En: Seyla Benhabib (ed.). Democracy and Difference. New Jer-sey: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris (1997). “Deferring group representation”. En: Ian Shapiro y Will Kymlicka (eds.). Nomos XXIX: Ethnicity and Group Rights. Nueva York: New York University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla (ed.) (1996a). Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla (1996b). “Toward a deliberative model of democratic le-gitimacy”. En: Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Bessette, Joseph (1980). “Deliberative democracy: the majority princi-ple in republican government”. En: Robert Goldwin y William Shambra (eds.). How Democratic is the Constitution? Washington, D.C: American Enterprise Institute.
Bessette, Joseph (1994). The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American Constitutional Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bickford, Susan (1996). The Dissonance of Democracy: Listening, Conflict and Citizenship. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Bohman, James (1996). Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity and De-mocracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James (1997a). “Deliberative democracy and effective social freedom”. En: James Bohman y William Regh (eds.). Deliberative Democra-cy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James (1997b). “The public spheres of the world citizen”. En: James Bohman y Matthias Lutz-Bachmann (eds.). Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James y William Rehg (eds.) (1997a). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James y William Rehg (1997b). “Introduction”. En: Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chambers, Simone (1995). “Discourse and democratic practices”. En: Stephen White (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Habermas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chambers, Simone (1996). Reasonable Democracy: Jürgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse. Ithaca. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Christiano, Thomas (1996). The Rule of the Many. Boulder: Westview Press.
Christiano, Thomas (1997). “The significance of deliberation”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cohen, Joshua (1986). “An epistemic conception of democracy”. En: Ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cohen, Joshua (1989). “Deliberation and democratic legitimacy”. En: Alan Hamlin y Philip Pettit (eds.). The Good Polity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, Joshua (1996). “Procedure and substance in deliberative democra-cy”. En: Sheyla Benhabib. Democracy and Difference. New Jersey: Prince-ton University Press.
Cohen, Joshua y Joel Rogers (1992). “Secondary associations and demo-cratic governance”. En: Politics and Society. Nueva York: Columbia Uni-versity.
Crocker, David (2000). “Truth commissions, transitional justice, and civil society”. En: Robert I. Rotberg y Dennis Thompson (eds.). Truth v. Justice: The Moral Efficacy of Truth Commissions: South Africa and Beyond. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
D’Agostino, Fred (1996). Free Public Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dewey, John (1988). The Public and Its Problems in John Dewey. Vol. 2, The Later Works. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Dryzek, John (1996). Democracy in Capitalist Times: Ideals, Limits and Stru-ggles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elster, Jon (1986). “The market and the forum”. En: John Elster y Aanund Hyllund (eds.). The Foundations of Social Choice Theory. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Elster, Jon (1998a). “Deliberation and constitution making”. En: Jon Els-ter (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press.
Elster, Jon (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
Elster, Jon (1998c). “Introduction”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Delibera-tive Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Estlund, David (1993a). Who’s afraid of deliberative democracy? On the stra-tegic/ deliberative dichotomy in recent constitutional jurisprudence. Texas: Law Review.
Estlund, David (1993b). “Making truth safe for democracy”. En: David Copp, Jean Hampton y John Roemer (eds.). The Idea of Democracy. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Estlund, David (1997). “Beyond fairness of deliberation: the epistemic dimension of democratic authority”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fearon, James (1998). “Deliberation as discussion”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flyvbjerg, Bent (1998). Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press.
Gambetta, Diego (1998). “‘Claro!’ An essay on discursive machismo”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gaus, Gerald (1996). Justicatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gaus, Gerald (1997). “Looking for the best and finding none better: the epistemic case for deliberative democracy”. En: The Modern Schoolman. San Louis: Saint Louis University.
Gutmann, Amy y Dennis Thompson (1996). Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphe-re. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1975). Legitimation Crisis. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1996a). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1996b). “Popular sovereignty as procedure”. En: Haber-mas (1996a). Reimpreso en James Bohman y William Rehg. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Held, David (1995). Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Oxford: Polity Press.
Johnson, James (1998). “Arguing for deliberation”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Knight, Jack y James Johnson (1994). “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”. En: Political Theory. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Knight, Jack y James Johnson (1997). “What sort of Equality Does Delibe-rative Democracy require?”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg. Delibera-tive Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. (1980). Beyond Adversarial Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Michelman, Frank (1988). “Law’s republic”. En: TheYale Law Journal. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Michelman, Frank (1997). “Can the people ever really make the Laws?: a critique of deliberative democracy”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Nino, Carlos (1996). The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy. New Ha-ven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Page, Benjamin (1995). Who Deliberates? Mass Media and Modern Demo-cracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Przeworski, Adam (1998). “Deliberation and ideological domination”. En: Jon Elster (ed.) (1998b). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rawls, John (1993). Political Liberalism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, John (1996). “Introduction”. En: Political Liberalism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, John (1997). The idea of public reason revisited. University of Chicago Law Review.
Rehg, William (1997). “Legitimacy and deliberation in the epistemic con-ception of democracy: between Estlund and Habermas”. En: The Modern Schoolman, Vol. 74, No. 74, pp. 355-374.
Richardson, Henry (1997). “Democratic intentions”. En: James Bohman y William Rehg (eds.). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sanders, Lynn (1997). “Against deliberation”. En: Political Theory. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Solum, Lawrence (1993). “Constructing an ideal of public reason”. En: San Diego Law Review. San Diego: University of San Diego.
Stokes, Susan (1998). “Pathologies of deliberation”. En: Jon Elster (ed.). Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sunstein, Cass (1991). “Preferences and politics”. En: Philosophy and Public Affairs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Uhr, John (1998). Deliberative Democracy in Australia: The Changing Place of Parliament. Front Cover. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Young, Iris (1996). “Communication and the other: beyond deliberative democracy”. En: Seyla Benhabib (ed.). Democracy and Difference. New Jer-sey: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris (1997). “Deferring group representation”. En: Ian Shapiro y Will Kymlicka (eds.). Nomos XXIX: Ethnicity and Group Rights. Nueva York: New York University Press.
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Jun 27, 2016
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Bohman, J., & García Jaramillo, L. (2016). La madurez de la democracia deliberativa. Co-Herencia, 13(24), 105–143. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.13.24.5
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Biografias Autor
James Bohman, Saint Louis University
Ph.D., Boston University (EE.UU). Profesor de Filosofía política y Filosofía de las ciencias sociales, Saint Louis University, Missouri.Leonardo García Jaramillo, Universidad EAFIT
Traductor.
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