Humanismos al borde del colapso: los anime nihilistamina
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Resumo
El presente artículo presenta a un nuevo tipo de protagonista desarrollado en el manganime japonés:
los héroes/heroínas nihilistamina. A diferencia del entusiasta héroe shōnen, los personajes de algunos de los títulos más populares del medio se sacrifican para la supervivencia de la humanidad pese a su visión nihilista del mundo, marcada por el trauma, la desafección institucional y los trastornos mentales. Mediante un análisis narratológico de sus funciones, apoyado en una presentación del contexto del humanitarismo en Japón,
ofrecemos un punto de partida para integrar este tipo de personajes en los estudios sobre la representación del humanitarismo en la ficción contemporánea.
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Referências
Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment (E. Jephcott & G. Schmid Noeri, Trads.). Stanford University Press.
Allison, A. (2013). Precarious Japan. Duke University Press.
Beckett, S. (1966). El innombrable (R. Santos Torroella, Trad.). Lumen.
Campbell, J. (2004). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press.
Cook, E. (2013). Expectations of Failure: Maturity and Masculinity for Freeters in Contemporary Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 16(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jys022
Cook, E. (2016). Reconstructing Adult Masculinities: Part-Time Work in Contemporary Japan. Routledge.
Date, H., Shimizu, A., Nigorikawa, A., Wakabayashi, A., Goda, H., ... & Kinoshita, Y. (Directores). (2002-2007). Naruto [serie de televisión]. Pierrot, Shueisha, TV Tokyo.
Debord, G. (2007 [1976]). La sociedad del espectáculo (J. L. Pardo, Trad.). Pre-Textos.
Denison, R. (2015). Anime: A Critical Introduction. Bloomsbury.
Dower, J. W. (1993). Peace and Democracy in Two Systems. En A. Gordon (Ed.), Postwar Japan as History (pp. 3-33). University of California Press.
Duch, P. (2002). 30 años de “sinfronterismo”: Una reflexión de futuro. Dirección General Médicos sin Fronteras, SF-España.
Engels, F. (1893). Engels to Franz Mehring. London, July 14, 1893. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Correspondence, 1846–1895.
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1893/letters/93_07_14.htm
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. The Free Press.
Gardiner, M. (1993). Bakhtin’s Carnival: Utopia as Critique. En D. Shepherd (Ed.), Bakhtin: Carnival and Other Subjects (pp. 20-47). Rodopi.
Giraldo Ramírez, J. (2021). Presentación: A 30 años de The End of History? Conferencia en la Universidad EAFIT. Co-herencia, 18(34), 13-14. https://bit.ly/3hIU8JR
Guarné, B., Lozano-Méndez, A. y Martinez, D.P. (2019). The Politics of Media and Memory Representation in Japan. En B. Guarné, A. Lozano-Méndez & D.P. Martinez (Eds.), Persistently Postwar – Media and the Politics of Memory in Japan (pp. 1-19). Berghahn Books.
Hartzheim, B. H. (2019). Making of a Mangaka: Industrial Reflexivity and Shueisha’s Weekly Shōnen Jump. Television & New Media, 22(5), 570-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419872132
Inui, A., Higuchi, A. y Hiratsuka, M. (2015). Entering the Precariat: Young People’s Precarious Transitions in Japan. En J. Wyn & H. Cahill (Eds.), Handbook of Children and Youth Studies (pp. 583-605). Springer.
Jung, C. G. (1980). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected works of C.G. Jung, v. 9, pt. 1; Bollingen series, 20. Princeton University Press.
Kachi, Y., Otsuka, T. y Kawada, T. (2014). Precarious Employment and the Risk of Serious Psychological Distress: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 40(5), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3442
Katsuhiro, Ō. (1982-1990). Akira. Kodansha. Kasulis, T. P. (2004). Shinto: The Way Home. University of Hawai’i Press. Kindle Edition.
Lozano-Méndez, A. (2015). Mamoru Oshii’s Exploration of the Potentialities of Consciousness in a Globalised Capitalist Network. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, 15(3). https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol15/iss3/lozano-mendez.html
Loriguillo-López, A. (2020). La complejidad narrativa en los cuentos de brujas del anime contemporáneo: autoconsciencia y cognoscibilidad en Kurozuka y Madoka Magica. Brumal 8(2), 183-205. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/brumal.627
Loriguillo-López, A. (2021). Anime complejo. La ambigüedad narrativa en la animación japonesa. Aldea Global.
Mackie, V. C. (2003). Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press.
Mandel, S.J.E. (2015). Station Eleven. Picador.
Martinez, D.P., Guarné, B. y Lozano-Méndez, A (2019). The Persistence of Trauma. En B. Guarné, A. Lozano-Méndez & D.P. Martinez (Eds.), Persistently Postwar – Media and the Politics of Memory in Japan (pp. 182-189). Berghahn Books.
Masamune, S. (1985-1989). Appleseed: Anime Comic Side A. Seishinsha.
Masuda, H., Sudo, T., Rikukawa, K., Mori, Y., Ito, N., & Kameyama, Y. (2018). Anime Industry Report 2017 Summary. Association of Japanese Animations.
Matsumoto, L., Ishiguro, N., Masuda, T., & Nishizaki, Y. (Directores). (1974-1975). Space Battleship Yamato [Uchū Senkan Yamato, serie de televisión]. Office Academy.
Mitsunobu, H. (Director). (1983-1986). Campeones [Captain Tsubasa, serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Morris, I. (2014 [1975]). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Kurodahan Press. Kindle Edition.
Nagy, G. (1979). The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. John Hopkins University Press.
Nishizawa, N., Shimizu, J., Arisako, T., & Takenouchi, K. (Directores). (1993-1996) Slam Dunk [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
OECD. (2022). Inequality – Poverty rate. https://doi.org/10.1787/0fe1315d-en
Okazaki, M., Nishio, D., Takenouchi, K., Hashimoto, M., Kasai, O., Arisako, T., Ueda, Y., Endo, Y., & Sato, Y. (Directores). (1986-1988).
Dragon Ball [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Olympic Museum, The (2007). The Olympic Symbols. The Olympic Museum.
Propp, V. (2009 [1928]). Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press.
Redfield, J. (1979). Foreword. En G. Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (pp. vii-xiii). John Hopkins University Press.
Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Books.
Shimpach, S. (2010). Television in Transition: The Life and Afterlife of the Narrative Action Hero. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sotozaki, H. (Director). (2019). Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba [serie de televisión]. Ufotable.
Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2019). Labour Force Survey / Monthly Results -December 2019-. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/results/month/index.html
Steinhoff, P. (2007, mayo 31). Invisible Civil Society: The Effects of 1960s New Left Protests on Contemporary Japan. Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien. https://bit.ly/3HL1M0Y
Suan, S. (2013). The Anime Paradox: Patterns and Practices Through the Lens of Traditional Japanese Theater. Global Oriental. Thiele, L. P. (1990). Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of the Soul: A Study of Heroic Individualism. Princeton University Press.
Toivonen, T., & Imoto, Y. (2013). Transcending Labels and Panics: The Logic of Japanese Youth Problems. Contemporary Japan, 25(1), 61-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2013-0004
Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V. y Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to Conform, Unwilling to Rebel? Youth, Culture, and Motivation in Globalizing Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Art. 207, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207
Tomino, Y. (Director). (1979-1980). Mobile Suit Gundam [Kidō Senshi Gundam, serie de televisión]. Sunrise, Inc.
Tsang, G. F. Y. (2016). Beyond 2015: Nihilism and Existentialist Rhetoric in Neon Genesis Evangelion. Journal of International and Advanced Japanese Studies, 8, 35-43.
Uda, K., Shimizu, J., Sakai, M., Miyamoto, H., Ito, S., Nagamine, T., Fukuzawa, T., Kadota, H., Fujise, J., & Ueda, Y. (Directores). (1999-) One Piece [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Watanabe, H. R. (2018). Labour Market Dualism and Diversification in Japan. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(3), 579-602. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12258
Williams, R. (1965). The Long Revolution. Penguin. Zhukova, K. (2020). Trauma. En A. De Lauri (Ed.), Humanitarianism (pp. 218-219). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431140
Allison, A. (2013). Precarious Japan. Duke University Press.
Beckett, S. (1966). El innombrable (R. Santos Torroella, Trad.). Lumen.
Campbell, J. (2004). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press.
Cook, E. (2013). Expectations of Failure: Maturity and Masculinity for Freeters in Contemporary Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 16(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jys022
Cook, E. (2016). Reconstructing Adult Masculinities: Part-Time Work in Contemporary Japan. Routledge.
Date, H., Shimizu, A., Nigorikawa, A., Wakabayashi, A., Goda, H., ... & Kinoshita, Y. (Directores). (2002-2007). Naruto [serie de televisión]. Pierrot, Shueisha, TV Tokyo.
Debord, G. (2007 [1976]). La sociedad del espectáculo (J. L. Pardo, Trad.). Pre-Textos.
Denison, R. (2015). Anime: A Critical Introduction. Bloomsbury.
Dower, J. W. (1993). Peace and Democracy in Two Systems. En A. Gordon (Ed.), Postwar Japan as History (pp. 3-33). University of California Press.
Duch, P. (2002). 30 años de “sinfronterismo”: Una reflexión de futuro. Dirección General Médicos sin Fronteras, SF-España.
Engels, F. (1893). Engels to Franz Mehring. London, July 14, 1893. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Correspondence, 1846–1895.
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1893/letters/93_07_14.htm
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. The Free Press.
Gardiner, M. (1993). Bakhtin’s Carnival: Utopia as Critique. En D. Shepherd (Ed.), Bakhtin: Carnival and Other Subjects (pp. 20-47). Rodopi.
Giraldo Ramírez, J. (2021). Presentación: A 30 años de The End of History? Conferencia en la Universidad EAFIT. Co-herencia, 18(34), 13-14. https://bit.ly/3hIU8JR
Guarné, B., Lozano-Méndez, A. y Martinez, D.P. (2019). The Politics of Media and Memory Representation in Japan. En B. Guarné, A. Lozano-Méndez & D.P. Martinez (Eds.), Persistently Postwar – Media and the Politics of Memory in Japan (pp. 1-19). Berghahn Books.
Hartzheim, B. H. (2019). Making of a Mangaka: Industrial Reflexivity and Shueisha’s Weekly Shōnen Jump. Television & New Media, 22(5), 570-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419872132
Inui, A., Higuchi, A. y Hiratsuka, M. (2015). Entering the Precariat: Young People’s Precarious Transitions in Japan. En J. Wyn & H. Cahill (Eds.), Handbook of Children and Youth Studies (pp. 583-605). Springer.
Jung, C. G. (1980). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected works of C.G. Jung, v. 9, pt. 1; Bollingen series, 20. Princeton University Press.
Kachi, Y., Otsuka, T. y Kawada, T. (2014). Precarious Employment and the Risk of Serious Psychological Distress: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 40(5), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3442
Katsuhiro, Ō. (1982-1990). Akira. Kodansha. Kasulis, T. P. (2004). Shinto: The Way Home. University of Hawai’i Press. Kindle Edition.
Lozano-Méndez, A. (2015). Mamoru Oshii’s Exploration of the Potentialities of Consciousness in a Globalised Capitalist Network. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, 15(3). https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol15/iss3/lozano-mendez.html
Loriguillo-López, A. (2020). La complejidad narrativa en los cuentos de brujas del anime contemporáneo: autoconsciencia y cognoscibilidad en Kurozuka y Madoka Magica. Brumal 8(2), 183-205. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/brumal.627
Loriguillo-López, A. (2021). Anime complejo. La ambigüedad narrativa en la animación japonesa. Aldea Global.
Mackie, V. C. (2003). Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press.
Mandel, S.J.E. (2015). Station Eleven. Picador.
Martinez, D.P., Guarné, B. y Lozano-Méndez, A (2019). The Persistence of Trauma. En B. Guarné, A. Lozano-Méndez & D.P. Martinez (Eds.), Persistently Postwar – Media and the Politics of Memory in Japan (pp. 182-189). Berghahn Books.
Masamune, S. (1985-1989). Appleseed: Anime Comic Side A. Seishinsha.
Masuda, H., Sudo, T., Rikukawa, K., Mori, Y., Ito, N., & Kameyama, Y. (2018). Anime Industry Report 2017 Summary. Association of Japanese Animations.
Matsumoto, L., Ishiguro, N., Masuda, T., & Nishizaki, Y. (Directores). (1974-1975). Space Battleship Yamato [Uchū Senkan Yamato, serie de televisión]. Office Academy.
Mitsunobu, H. (Director). (1983-1986). Campeones [Captain Tsubasa, serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Morris, I. (2014 [1975]). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Kurodahan Press. Kindle Edition.
Nagy, G. (1979). The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. John Hopkins University Press.
Nishizawa, N., Shimizu, J., Arisako, T., & Takenouchi, K. (Directores). (1993-1996) Slam Dunk [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
OECD. (2022). Inequality – Poverty rate. https://doi.org/10.1787/0fe1315d-en
Okazaki, M., Nishio, D., Takenouchi, K., Hashimoto, M., Kasai, O., Arisako, T., Ueda, Y., Endo, Y., & Sato, Y. (Directores). (1986-1988).
Dragon Ball [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Olympic Museum, The (2007). The Olympic Symbols. The Olympic Museum.
Propp, V. (2009 [1928]). Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press.
Redfield, J. (1979). Foreword. En G. Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (pp. vii-xiii). John Hopkins University Press.
Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Books.
Shimpach, S. (2010). Television in Transition: The Life and Afterlife of the Narrative Action Hero. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sotozaki, H. (Director). (2019). Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba [serie de televisión]. Ufotable.
Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2019). Labour Force Survey / Monthly Results -December 2019-. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/roudou/results/month/index.html
Steinhoff, P. (2007, mayo 31). Invisible Civil Society: The Effects of 1960s New Left Protests on Contemporary Japan. Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien. https://bit.ly/3HL1M0Y
Suan, S. (2013). The Anime Paradox: Patterns and Practices Through the Lens of Traditional Japanese Theater. Global Oriental. Thiele, L. P. (1990). Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of the Soul: A Study of Heroic Individualism. Princeton University Press.
Toivonen, T., & Imoto, Y. (2013). Transcending Labels and Panics: The Logic of Japanese Youth Problems. Contemporary Japan, 25(1), 61-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2013-0004
Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V. y Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to Conform, Unwilling to Rebel? Youth, Culture, and Motivation in Globalizing Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Art. 207, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207
Tomino, Y. (Director). (1979-1980). Mobile Suit Gundam [Kidō Senshi Gundam, serie de televisión]. Sunrise, Inc.
Tsang, G. F. Y. (2016). Beyond 2015: Nihilism and Existentialist Rhetoric in Neon Genesis Evangelion. Journal of International and Advanced Japanese Studies, 8, 35-43.
Uda, K., Shimizu, J., Sakai, M., Miyamoto, H., Ito, S., Nagamine, T., Fukuzawa, T., Kadota, H., Fujise, J., & Ueda, Y. (Directores). (1999-) One Piece [serie de televisión]. Toei Animation.
Watanabe, H. R. (2018). Labour Market Dualism and Diversification in Japan. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(3), 579-602. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12258
Williams, R. (1965). The Long Revolution. Penguin. Zhukova, K. (2020). Trauma. En A. De Lauri (Ed.), Humanitarianism (pp. 218-219). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431140
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Publicado
Jun 17, 2022
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Como Citar
Lozano-Méndez, A., & Loriguillo-López, A. (2022). Humanismos al borde del colapso: los anime nihilistamina. Co-Herencia, 19(36), 293–327. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.19.36.11
Secção
Artículos
Agências Suporte
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat Jame I
Biografias Autor
Artur Lozano-Méndez, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Profesor Lector Serra Húnter del Departamento de Traducción e Interpretación y Estudios de Asia Oriental de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España.
Antonio Loriguillo-López, Universitat Jaume I
Profesor Ayudante Doctor del Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicación de la Universitat Jaume I, España.
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