Adapt or Die? Resilience Discourse and the Shifting Contours of Humanitarian Morality

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Malay Firoz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1323-1946

Keywords

Resumo

The epistemic terrain of humanitarian morality has
undergone a profound paradigmatic transformation
in recent years. The turn towards “resilience” as a structuring principle in aid programmes has produced new modes of governance that challenge what I call the moral exceptionalism of humanitarianism’s mandate. This article traces the trajectory of moralism in humanitarian studies, exploring how the productive tension between  contrapuntal readings of humanitarianism as moral intent or biopolitical care is transcended by the resilience paradigm’s ontological vision of an intrinsically fragile
and vulnerable world. Contrary to theoretical critiques of resilience as an extension of neoliberal tenets to global governance, I draw on the context of the Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan to argue that resilience humanitarianism has in fact prompted a return to state welfare as the final guarantor of refugee rights. 

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.
Abstract 742 | PDF (English) Downloads 947

Referências

Agamben, G. (1995). We Refugees. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures, 49(2), 114-119. https://bit.ly/3Nks9Oc

Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (D. Heller-Roazen, Trad.). Stanford University Press.

Agamben, G. (2003). State of Exception (K. Attell, Trad.). University of Chicago Press.

Appel, H. (2019). The Licit Life of Capitalism: US Oil in Equatorial Guinea. Duke University Press.

Arendt, H. (1976). The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harcourt Brace & Company.

Atanasoski, N. (2013). Humanitarian Violence: The U.S. Deployment of Diversity. University of Minnesota Press.

Barnett, M. N. (2011). Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism. Cornell University Press.

Barnett, M. N. (2013). Humanitarian Governance. Annual Review of Political Science, (16), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevpolisci-012512-083711

Barthes, R. (1972). The Great Family of Man. In Mythologies (pp. 100-102; J. Cape, Trad.). Hill and Wang.

Beckett, G. (2019). The Banality of Care: The Figure of the Humanitarian, in Haiti and Elsewhere. Public Anthropologist, 1(2), 156-170. https://bit.ly/3NnTbEr

Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World. Oxford University Press.

Bhabha, J. (1996). Embodied Rights: Gender Persecution, State Sovereignty, and Refugees. Public Culture, 9(1), 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-9-1-3

Bourbeau, P. (2018). On Resilience: Genealogy, Logics, and World Politics. Cambridge University Press.

Bricmont, J. (2006). Humanitarian Imperialism: Using Human Rights to Sell War. New York University Press.

Brown, W. (2015). Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. Zone Books.

Calhoun, C. (2010). The Idea of Emergency: Humanitarian Action and Global (Dis)Order. In D. Fassin & M. Pandolfi (Eds.), Contemporary States of Emergency: The Politics of Humanitarian Interventions (pp. 29-58). Zone Book

Chandler, D. (2012). Resilience and Human Security: The Post-Interventionist Paradigm. Security Dialogue, 43(3), 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010612444151

Chandler, D. (2014). Resilience: The Governance of Complexity. Routledge.

Chandler, D., & Reid, J. (2016). The Neoliberal Subject: Resilience, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Rowman & Littlefield International.

Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. L. (2000). Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming. Public Culture, 12(2), 291-343. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-12-2-291

Cornelisse, G. (2010). Immigration Detention and the Territoriality of Universal Rights. In N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 101-122). Duke University Press.

Coronil, F. (1997). The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela. University of Chicago Press.

Corry, O. (2014). From Defense to Resilience: Environmental Security beyond Neo-Liberalism. International Political Sociology, 8(3), 256-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12057

Coulthard, G. S. (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. University of Minnesota Press.

Crisp, J. (2001). Mind the Gap!: unhcr, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process. New Issues in Refugee Research, The UN Refugee Agency, (43), 1-22. https://bit.ly/3yP5yVZ.

Davis, M. (2007). Sand, Fear, and Money in Dubai. In M. Davis & D. Bertrand Monk (Eds.), Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism. The New Press.

Dean, M. (2014). Rethinking Neoliberalism. Journal of Sociology, 50(2), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783312442256

Deschamp, B., & Lohse, S. (2013). Still Minding the Gap?: A Review of Efforts to Link Relief and Development in Situations of Human Displacement, 2001-2012. unhcr Policy Development and Evaluation Service. https://bit.ly/3G2iwS1

DFID. (2011). Defining Disaster Resilience: A DFID Approach Paper. Department for International Development. https://bit.ly/3PxSVF2

Douzinas, C. (2007). The Many Faces of Humanitarianism. Parrhesia, (2), 1-28. https://bit.ly/38wThep

Duffield, M. (2001). Global Governance and the New Wars. Zed Books.

Duffield, M. (2013). How Did We Become Unprepared?: Emergency and Resilience in an Uncertain World. British Academy Review, (21), 55-58. https://doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii102

Englund, H. (2010). The Anthropologist and His Poor. In E. Bornstein & P. Redfield (Eds.), Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (pp. 71-97). School for Advanced Research Press.

Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.

Evans, B., & Reid, J. (2014). Resilient Life: The Art of Living Dangerously. Polity Press.

Fassin, D. (2007a). Humanitarianism: A Nongovernmental Government. In M. Feher (Ed.), Nongovernmental Politics (pp. 149-160). Zone Books.

Fassin, D. (2007b). Humanitarianism as a Politics of Life. Public Culture, 19(3), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2007-007

Fassin, D. (2009). Another Politics of Life Is Possible. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(5), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409106349

Fassin, D. (2010). Noli Me Tangere: The Moral Untouchability of Humanitarianism. In E. Bornstein & P. Redfield (Eds.), Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (pp. 35-52). School for Advanced Research Press.

Fassin, D. (2012a). Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present (R. Gomme, Trad). University of California Press.

Fassin, D. (2012b). Introduction: Toward a Critical Moral Anthropology. In D. Fassin (Ed.), A Companion to Moral Anthropology (pp. 1-17). Wiley-Blackwell.

Feldman, I., & Ticktin, M. (2010). Introduction: Government and Humanity. In In the Name of Humanity: The Government of Threat and Care (pp. 1-26). Duke University Press.

Ferguson, J. (1994). The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press.

Ferguson, J., & Gupta, A. (2002). Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality. American Ethnologist, 29(4), 981-1002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805165

Firoz, M. (Forthcoming). Epistemics of Aid: Toward a Liminal Critique of Resilience in the Syrian Crisis. Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development.

Foucault, M. (1997). “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-1976 (D. Macey, Trad.). Picador.

Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979 (G. Burshell, Trad.). Palgrave Macmillan.

Fox, R. C. (1995). Medical Humanitarianism and Human Rights: Reflections on Doctors Without Borders and Doctors of the World. Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1607-1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00144-V

Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. The Free Press.

Genova, N., De (2010). The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. In N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 33-66). Duke University Press.

Ghosn, G., & Al Saadi, Y. (2018). An ingo Worker Walks into a Refugee Camp. In M. Fawaz, A. Gharbieh, M. Harb & D. Salamé (Eds.), Refugees as City-Makers (pp. 104-107). American University of Beirut.

Gibney, M. J. (2004). The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees. Cambridge University Press.

Gibney, M. J. (2006). A Thousand Little Guantanamos: Western States and Measures to Prevent the Arrival of Refugees. In K. E. Tunstall (Ed.), Displacement, Asylum, Migration: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2004 (pp. 139-169). Oxford University Press.

Gregory, D. (2004). The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. Blackwell

Guilhot, N. (2012). The Anthropologist as Witness: Humanitarianism between Ethnography and Critique. Humanity: An International
Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 3(1), 81-101. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/466210

Gunewardana, N., & Schuller, M. (2008). Capitalizing on Catastrophe: Neoliberal Strategies in Disaster Reconstruction. AltaMira Press.
Haldrup, S. V., & Rosén, F. (2017). Developing Resilience: A Retreat from Grand Planning. In D. Chandler & J. Coaffee (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of International Resilience (pp. 358-369). Routledge.

Harrell-Bond, B. E. (1986). Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Refugees. Oxford University Press.

Harrell-Bond, B. E. (2002). Can Humanitarian Work with Refugees Be Humane? Human Rights Quarterly, 24(1), 51-85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069589

Harvey, D. (2003). The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.

Hehir, A. (2008). Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo: Iraq, Darfur and the Record of Global Civil Society. Palgrave Macmillan.

Hilhorst, D. (2018). Classical Humanitarianism and Resilience Humanitarianism: Making Sense of Two Brands of Humanitarian Action. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 3(1), 1-12. https://bit.ly/37YX6sj

Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://bit.ly/3sOcDlU

Holzgrefe, J. L. (2003). The Humanitarian Intervention Debate. In J. L. Holzgrefe & R. O. Keohane (Eds.), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas (pp. 15-52). Cambridge University Press.

Hubbard, B. (2014, March 31). Behind Barbed Wire, Shakespeare Inspires a Cast of Young Syrians. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/3LAOwxE

Humphrey, C. (2004). Sovereignty. In D. Nugent & J. Vincent (Eds.), A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics (pp. 418-436). Blackwell.

Hyndman, J. (2000). Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism. University of Minnesota Press.

Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2015). “Resiliency Humanitarianism”: Responsibilizing Refugees through Humanitarian Emergency Governance in the Camp. International Political Sociology, 9(4), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12101

IPCC. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press.

Joseph, J. (2016). Governing through Failure and Denial: The New Resilience Agenda. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 44(3), 370-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829816638166

Juntunen, T., & Hyvönen, A.-E. (2014). Resilience, Security and the Politics of Processes. Resilience, 2(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2014.948323

Kaldor, M. (2012). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford University Press.

Karakayali, S., & Rigo, E. (2010). Mapping the European Space of Circulation. In N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 123-144). Duke University Press.

Keen, D. (2008). Complex Emergencies. Polity Press.

Kennedy, D. (2004). The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton University Press.

Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books.

Krever, T. (2011). “Mopping-up”: unhcr, Neutrality and Non-Refoulement since the Cold War. Chinese Journal of International Law, 10(3), 587-608. https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmr019

Laidlaw, J. (2002). For an Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(2), 311-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00110

Lewellen, T. C. (2002). The Anthropology of Globalization: Cultural Anthropology Enters the 21st Century. Bergin & Garvey.

Lewis, C. (2012). unhcr and International Refugee Law: From Treaties to Innovation. Routledge.

Li, T. M. (2007). The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Duke University Press.

Loescher, G. (2001). The unhcr and World Politics: A Perilous Path. Oxford University Press.

Malkki, L. H. (1996). Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization. Cultural Anthropology, 11(3), 377-404. https://www.jstor.org/stable/656300

Malkki, L. H. (2015). The Need to Help: The Domestic Arts of International Humanitarianism. Duke University Press.

Mascarenhas, M. (2017). New Humanitarianism and the Crisis of Charity: Good Intentions on the Road to Help. Indiana University Press.

Mattingly, C., & Throop, J. (2018). The Anthropology of Ethics and Morality. Annual Review of Anthropology, (47), 475-492. https://bit.ly/39G5LAA

Mayblin, L. (2017). Asylum after Empire: Colonial Legacies in the Politics of Asylum Seeking. Rowman & Littlefield International.

Meyer, S.-D. (2016, June 21). Refugees Healing Scars With Yoga. The New Humanitarian. https://bit.ly/3Ms8gox

Mitchell, T. (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press.

Mosel, I., & Levine, S. (2014). Remaking the Case for Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: How lrrd Can Become a Practically Useful Concept for Assistance in Difficult Places. Humanitarian Policy Group Commissioned Report. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/8882.pdf

Mosse, D. (2005). Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice. Pluto Press.

Münkler, H. (2002). The New Wars. Polity Press.

Napier-Moore, R. (2011). ‘Humanicrats’: The Social Production of Compassion, Indifference, and Hostility in Long-Term Camps. Development in Practice, 21(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.530232

Neocleous, M. (2012). “Don’t Be Scared, Be Prepared”: Trauma-Anxiety-Resilience. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 37(3), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375412449789

Nguyen, V. (2019). Refugeetude: When Does a Refugee Stop Being a Refugee? Social Text, 37(2), 109-131. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-7371003

O’Malley, P. (2010). Resilient Subjects: Uncertainty, Warfare and Liberalism. Economy and Society, 39(4), 488-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2010.510681

Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism As Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Duke University Press.

Ophir, A. (2006). Disaster as a Place of Morality: The Sovereign, The Humanitarian, and the Terrorist. Qui Parle, 16(1), 95-116. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20685706.pdf

Orbinski, J. (1999). Médecins Sans Frontières Nobel Lecture. The Nobel Prize.

Owens, P. (2009). Reclaiming ‘Bare Life’?: Against Agamben on Refugees. International Relations, 23(4), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117809350545

Pandolfi, M. (2010). Humanitarianism and Its Discontents. In E. Bornstein & P. Redfield (Eds.), Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (pp. 227-248). School for Advanced Research Press.

Pugh, J. (2014). Resilience, Complexity and Post-Liberalism. Area, 46(3), 313-319. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24030001

Redfield, P. (2013). Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders. University of California Press.

Redfield, P., & Bornstein, E. (2010). An Introduction to the Anthropology of Humanitarianism. In E. Bornstein & P. Redfield (Eds.), Forces of Compassion: Humanitarianism Between Ethics and Politics (pp. 3-30). School for Advanced Research Press.

Resilience Alliance. (n.d.). Resilience. https://www.resalliance.org/resilience

Rieff, D. (2002). A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. Simon & Schuster.

Robbins, J. (2013). Beyond the Suffering Subject: Toward an Anthropology of the Good. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19(3), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12044

Roberts, R. (2010). Palestinians in Lebanon: Refugees Living with Long-Term Displacement. I.B. Tauris & Co.

Robinson, C. (2000). Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. University of North Carolina Press.

Schmidt, J. (2015). Intuitively Neoliberal? Towards a Critical Understanding of Resilience Governance. European Journal of International Relations, 21(2), 402-426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066114537533

Scott-Smith, T. (2018). Paradoxes of Resilience: A Review of the World Disasters Report 2016. Development and Change, 49(2), 662-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12384

Scott, J. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press.

Sexton, J. (2010). People-of-Color-Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery. Social Text, 28(2), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2009-066

Simpson, A. (2014). Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States. Duke University Press.

Smyser, W. R. (2003). The Humanitarian Conscience: Caring for Others in the Age of Terror. Palgrave Macmillan.

Stepputat, F. (2005). Violence, Sovereignty, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Peru. In T. Blom Hansen & F. Stepputat (Eds.), Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World (pp. 61-81). Princeton University Press.

Stevens, J. (2006). Prisons of the Stateless: The Derelictions of unhcr. New Left Review, (42), 53-67. https://bit.ly/3LBBQa4

Stoler, A. L. (2016). Duress: Imperial Durabilities in Our Times. Duke University Press.

Terry, F. (2002). Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action. Cornell University Press.

Ticktin, M. (2011). Casualties of Care: Immigration and the Politics of Humanitarianism in France. University of California Press.

Ticktin, M. (2014). Transnational Humanitarianism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43(1), 273-289. https://bit.ly/3yOLAL6

Tierney, K. (2015). Resilience and the Neoliberal Project: Discourses, Critiques, Practices—And Katrina. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(10), 1327-1342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215591187

Tsing, A. L. (2005). Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton University Press.

UNDRR. (2004). Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.

UNDG. (2014). A Resilience-Based Development Response to the Syrian Crisis. https://bit.ly/3NqmyGd.

UNDP. (2015). The Dead Sea Resilience Agenda. In Resilience Development Forum. United Nations Development Programme.

UNHCR. (2017). Resilience and Self-Reliance from a Protection and Solutions Perspective. EC/68/SC/CRP.4. Standing Committee 68th Meeting. Standing Committee. https://bit.ly/3wsSjca

USAID. (2013). Building Resilience to Recurrent Crisis: usaid Policy and Program Guidance. United States Agency for International
Development. https://bit.ly/3sIOWLS

Waal, A., De. (1997). Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Indiana University Press.

Walker, J., & Cooper, M. (2011). Genealogies of Resilience: From Systems Ecology to the Political Economy of Crisis Adaptation. Security Dialogue, 42(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010611399616

Walters, W. (2010). Deportation, Expulsion, and the International Police of Aliens. In N. De Genova & N. Peutz (Eds.), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 69-100). Duke University Press.

Weheliye, A. (2014). Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human. Duke University Press.

Weizman, E. (2011). The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. Verso.

Welsh, M. (2014). Resilience and Responsibility: Governing Uncertainty in a Complex World. Geographical Journal, 180(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12012

WFP. (2015). Policy on Building Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. WFP/EB.A/2015/5-C. Executive Board Annual Session Agenda Item 5. Executive Board Annual Session. https://bit.ly/3G5moBN

WHO. (2016, June 1). WHO Representative Urges Stronger Tobacco Control in Syria. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the East Mediterranean. https://bit.ly/39DtCAK

WHS. (2016). Chair’s Summary: Standing up for Humanity: Committing to Action. World Humanitarian Summit. https://bit.ly/3Nvstdj

World Bank. (2014). Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development - The World Bank Group Experience. World Bank. https://bit.ly/3sLuycU

Zebrowski, C. (2013). The Nature of Resilience. Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses, 1(3), 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2013.804672