Influence of Tribological Parameters on Coefficient of Friction between Polypropylene and Skin
Main Article Content
Keywords
friction, finite element, skin, transfemoral amputees, sockets.
Abstract
Data were acquired over the surface topology for amputees transfermorales sockets using an atomic force microscope (AFM),the tribulogical properties of 12 significant areas were characterized. Based on these data are created virtual surfaces sinusoidal geometry area of 250 microns, the which were used to perform a numerical simulation to find what was the relationship between these parameters and the coefficient of friction between the polypropylene Socket and skin. Skin was modeled as hyper-elastic material and polypropylene as a linear elastic material, were imposed initial displacement contact and a tangential displacement of the samples to calculate the coefficient of friction, in addition, pressure was applied to the top of polypropylene specimens that simulate the pressures generated by the footwear of the prosthesis and the forces generated during the stance phase of human walking. Was found that a correlation exists between the tribological parameters and the coefficient of friction, on which there are two main areas, one, where the friction coefficient decreases as these parameters increase, and a second region where the friction coefficient remains constant.
PACS:07.79Sp
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References
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[35] J. W. Freeman F. H. Silver and D. DeVore. Viscoelastic properties of human skin and processed dermis. Skin Research and Technology, 7(1):18|-23, 2001. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/ j.1600-0846.2001.007001018.x/abstract.
[36] P. Vescovo D. Varchon F. Khatyr, C. Imberdis and J.-M. Lagarde. Model of the viscoelastic behaviour of skin in vivo and study of anisotropy. Skin Research and Technology, 10(2):96|-103, 2004. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j. 1600-0846.2004.00057.x/abstract.
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[38] A. Kovalev B. N. J. Persson and S. N. Gorb. Contact Mechanics and Friction on Dry and Wet Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 50(1):17{30, 1913. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/s11249-012-0053-2.
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[41] Pailler-Matt_ei and H. Zahouani. Analysis of adhesive behaviour of human skin in vivo by an indentation test. Tribology International, 39(1):12{21, 2006. ISSN 0301679X. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0301679X04002373.
[42] G. Peters P. Ackermans F. Baaijens M. Geerligs, L. van Breemen and C. Oomens. In vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(6):1176{1181, 2011. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929011000455.
[43] I. Yoshida T. Shimizu M. Uchidate, K. Yanagi and A. Iwabuchi. Generation of 3d random topography datasets with periodic boundaries for surface metrology algorithms and measurement standards. Wear, (3):565{570. ISSN 00431648.
[44] S. K. Boyd and R. Muller. Smooth surface meshing for automated _nite element model generation from 3D image data. Journal of Biomechanics, 39 (7):1287{1295, 2006. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0021929005001442.
[45] M. Strawski M. Szklarczyk and K. Bienkowski. 25 Years of the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Springer, pages 303{368, 2008. URL http://link springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_5.
[46] W. Zhong D. Tomanek and H. Thomas. Calculation of an atomically modulated friction force in atomic-force microscopy. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 15(8):337{346, 1991. ISSN 1063-6528(96)09301-9. URL http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/15/8/014.
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[50] N. Gitis and R. Sivamani. Tribometrology of Skin. Tribology Transac- tions, 47(4):461{469, 2004. ISSN 1040-2004, 1547-397X. URL http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/05698190490493355.
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pii/S0301679X0800251X.
[54] R. Lewis S. E. Tomlinson and M. J. Carr_e. The e_ect of normal force and roughness on friction in human _nger contacts. Wear, 267(8):1311{1318, 2009. ISSN 00431648. URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp. jsp?tp=&arnumber=547935&userType=inst.
[55] H.P. Feuz S. Derler, R. Huber and M. Hadad. Inuence of surface microstructure on the sliding friction of plantar skin against hard substrates. Wear, 267 (5):1281{1288, 2009. ISSN 00431648. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0043164809000817.
[56] S. V. Kailas M. Ramesh and K. R. Y. Simha. Micro and macro contact mechanics for interacting asperities. Sadhana, (3):329{338. ISSN 0256-2499, 0973-7677.
[2] M. Zhang and A. F. Mak. A _nite element analysis of the load transfer between an above-knee residual limb and its prosthetic socket{roles of interface friction and distal-end boundary conditions. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 4(4):337{346, 1996. ISSN 1063 6528(96)09301- 9. URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=547935&userType=inst.
[3] Situaci_on Victimas Minas Antipersonal, 2012. URL http://www.accioncontraminas.gov.co/Situacion/Paginas/ SituacionVictimasMinasAntipersonal.aspx.
[4] Fondo de Prevenci_on Vial, 2013. URL http://fpv.org.co/investigacion/estadisticas.
[5] Runt, 2013. URL http://www.runt.com.co/portel/libreria/php/p_estadisticas.php.
[6] V. Restrepo P_erez. Optimizaci_on super_cial de un Socket para Amputado Transfemoral que disminuya los esfuerzos variando el coe_ciente de fricci_on. Trabajo de Grado, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell__n, Colombia, 2012.
[7] B. Bhushan. Principles and Applications of Tribology. Wiley-Interscience, Ohio, 1 edition, 1999.
[8] J. Halling R. D. Arnell, P. B. Davies and T. L. Whomes. Tribology: Principles and Designs Applications. Macmillan Education Ltd, London, 1 edition, 1991.
[9] M. P. Francisco. La Tribolog__a: Ciencia y T_ecnica para el Mantenimiento. Limusa S.A. de C.V, M_exico, D.F., 2 edition, 2002.
[10] History of science friction, 2012. URL http://www.tribology-abc.com/ abc/history.htm.
[11] G. Amontons. De la r_esistance caus_ee dans les machines. Histoire de l'Acad_emie Royale des Sciences, 1732:206{227, 1699.
[12] B. C. M_endez Orqu__dez. Una nueva ley de Fricci_on Cin_etica para bloques rigidos y su aplicaci_on a problemas Geos__smicos. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional Aut_onoma de M_exico, M_exico, D.F., 2009.
[13] NanoSurf. easyscan 2 exafm operating instructions. 2010.
[14] MJ. Wisniak. Guillaume Amontons. Revista CENIC Ciencias Qu__micas, 36 (3), 2005.
[15] G. Amontons. Moyen de substituer commode´ment l'action du feu a la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines. Acad_emie Royale de Paris, 1699.
[16] P. de la Hire. Sur le frottement des machines. Histoire de l'Acad_emie Royale des Sciences, 1732:104{106, 1699. ISSN 1063 6528(96)09301-9.
[17] S. Vince. Motion of Bodies A_ected by Friction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 75:165|-189, 1784.
[18] N. Petrov. Friction in machines and the e_ect of lubricants. Inzhenerno Zhurnal, 4:535|-564, 1883.
[19] T. F. J. Quinn. Physical Analysis for Tribology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1 edition, 1991.
[20] F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1 edition, 1964.
[21] P. H. Anthoine L. Aubert A. A. Koudine, M. Barquins and J. L. Leveque. Frictional properties of skin: proposal of a new approach. International journal of cosmetic science, 22(1):11{20, 2000. URL http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00006.x/full.
[22] C. P. Hendriks and S. E. Franklin. Inuence of Surface Roughness, Material and Climate Conditions on the Friction of Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 37(2):361{373, 2009. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711.
[23] M. Geerligs. Skin layer mechanics. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1 edition, 2010.
[24] J. Van Eemeren C. W. J. Oomens F. P. T. Baaijens F. M. Hendriks, D. Brokken and J. Horsten. A numerical-experimental method to characterize the non-linear mechanical behaviour of human skin. Skin research and techno- logy, 9(3):274|-283, 2003. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00019.x/full.
[25] S. C. C. Cowin and S. B. Doty. issue Mechanics. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 1 edition, 2007.
[26] Michel Destrade Michael D. Gilchrist Aisling N__ Annaidh, Karine Bruy_ere and M_elanie Ott_enio. Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin. Journal of the Mechanical Behaivor of Biomedical Materials, (5):139{148.
[27] James C. Birchall Rachel B. Groves, Sion A. Coulman and Sam L. Evans. An anisotropic, hyperelastic model for skin: Experimental measurements, _nite element modelling and identi_cacion of parameters for human and murine skin. Journal of the Mechanical Behaivor of Biomedical Materials, 1(18): 167{180, 2013.
[28] J.M. Lagarde H. Zahouani A. Delalleau, G. Josse and J.-M. Bergheau. Characterization of the mechanical properties of skin by inverse analysis combined with the indentation test. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(9):1603{1610, 2006. ISSN 0021-9290. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929005002162.
[29] M. Geerligs. A literature review of the mechanical behavior of the stratum corneum, the living epidermis and the subcutaneous fat tissue. Philips Research Europe, 1 edition, 2006.
[30] B. Sohm R. Vargiolu V. Cenizo H. Zahouani, C. Pailler-Mattei and R. Debret. Characterization of the mechanical properties of a dermal equivalent compared with human skin in vivo by indentation and static friction tests. Skin Research and Technology, 15(1):68{76, 2009. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1600-0846.2008.00329.x/abstract.
[31] G. Peters P. Ackermans F. Baaijens M. Geerligs, L. van Breemen and C. Oomens. AIn vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(6):337{346, 2011. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929011000455.
[32] P. D. Gasson R. J. Lapeer and V. Karri. Simulating plastic surgery: From human skin tensile tests, through hyperelastic _nite element models to real-time haptics. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 103(2{3):208{216, 2010. ISSN 0079-6107. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079610710000817.
[33] X. Chen A. P. Raphael H. Huang M. L. Crichton, B. C. Donose and M. A. F. Kendall. The viscoelastic, hyperelastic and scale dependent behaviour of freshly excised individual skin layers. Biomaterials, 32(20):4670{4681, 2011. ISSN 1878-5905.
[34] C. W. J. Oomens D. L. Bader F. M. Hendriks, D. Brokken and F. P. T. Baaijens. The relative contributions of di_erent skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Medical Engineering Physics, 28(3):337{346, 2006. ISSN 1350-4533. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350453305001451.
[35] J. W. Freeman F. H. Silver and D. DeVore. Viscoelastic properties of human skin and processed dermis. Skin Research and Technology, 7(1):18|-23, 2001. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/ j.1600-0846.2001.007001018.x/abstract.
[36] P. Vescovo D. Varchon F. Khatyr, C. Imberdis and J.-M. Lagarde. Model of the viscoelastic behaviour of skin in vivo and study of anisotropy. Skin Research and Technology, 10(2):96|-103, 2004. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j. 1600-0846.2004.00057.x/abstract.
[37] B. Briscoe M. Adams and S. Johnson. Friction and lubrication of human skin. Tribology Letters, 26(3):239{253, 2007. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11249-007-9206-0.
[38] A. Kovalev B. N. J. Persson and S. N. Gorb. Contact Mechanics and Friction on Dry and Wet Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 50(1):17{30, 1913. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/s11249-012-0053-2.
[39] M. Piedrahita Maya and J. A. V_elez Z_ea. Inuencia De La Longitud Del Muñ_on En La Distribuci_on De Esfuerzos, En La Interfaz Socket Mu~n_on En Amputados Transfemorales. Trabajo de Grado, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell__n, Colombia, 2011.
[40] V. Restrepo P_erez M. Londo~no Soto and J. A. Villarraga Ossa. Determinaci_on Del Modelo Hiperel_astico Id_oneo Para La Simulaci_on Num_erica De La Piel. First International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Design, and Manufacturing Technology, 2012.
[41] Pailler-Matt_ei and H. Zahouani. Analysis of adhesive behaviour of human skin in vivo by an indentation test. Tribology International, 39(1):12{21, 2006. ISSN 0301679X. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0301679X04002373.
[42] G. Peters P. Ackermans F. Baaijens M. Geerligs, L. van Breemen and C. Oomens. In vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(6):1176{1181, 2011. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929011000455.
[43] I. Yoshida T. Shimizu M. Uchidate, K. Yanagi and A. Iwabuchi. Generation of 3d random topography datasets with periodic boundaries for surface metrology algorithms and measurement standards. Wear, (3):565{570. ISSN 00431648.
[44] S. K. Boyd and R. Muller. Smooth surface meshing for automated _nite element model generation from 3D image data. Journal of Biomechanics, 39 (7):1287{1295, 2006. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0021929005001442.
[45] M. Strawski M. Szklarczyk and K. Bienkowski. 25 Years of the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Springer, pages 303{368, 2008. URL http://link springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_5.
[46] W. Zhong D. Tomanek and H. Thomas. Calculation of an atomically modulated friction force in atomic-force microscopy. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 15(8):337{346, 1991. ISSN 1063-6528(96)09301-9. URL http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/15/8/014.
[47] Inc Math Works. Matlab r2011b. 2011.
[48] Pearson Educacion. C_alculo. 2007.
[49] S. Derler and G.-M. Rotaru. Stick-slip phenomena in the friction of human skin. Wear, (4):324{329.
[50] N. Gitis and R. Sivamani. Tribometrology of Skin. Tribology Transac- tions, 47(4):461{469, 2004. ISSN 1040-2004, 1547-397X. URL http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/05698190490493355.
[51] E. Rabinowicz. Friction and Wear of Materials. Wiley, 2 edition, 1995.
[52] S. Derler and L.-C. Gerhardt. Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coe_cient of Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 45(1):2{27, 2012. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://link. springer.com/article/10.1007/s11249-011-9854-y.
[53] A. Lenz E. Bertaux S. Derler, L.-C. Gerhardt and M. Hadad. Friction of human skin against smooth and rough glass as a function of the contact pressure. Tribology International, 42(12):1565{1574, 2009. ISSN 0301-679X. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S0301679X0800251X.
[54] R. Lewis S. E. Tomlinson and M. J. Carr_e. The e_ect of normal force and roughness on friction in human _nger contacts. Wear, 267(8):1311{1318, 2009. ISSN 00431648. URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp. jsp?tp=&arnumber=547935&userType=inst.
[55] H.P. Feuz S. Derler, R. Huber and M. Hadad. Inuence of surface microstructure on the sliding friction of plantar skin against hard substrates. Wear, 267 (5):1281{1288, 2009. ISSN 00431648. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0043164809000817.
[56] S. V. Kailas M. Ramesh and K. R. Y. Simha. Micro and macro contact mechanics for interacting asperities. Sadhana, (3):329{338. ISSN 0256-2499, 0973-7677.