Influencia de los Parámetros Tribológicos en el Coeficiente de Fricción entre polipropileno y piel
Main Article Content
Keywords
Fricción, Elementos Finitos, Piel, Amputados Transfemorales, Socket
Resumen
Se adquirieron los datos sobre la topología superficial de Sockets para Amputados Transfermorales utilizando un microscopio de fuerzas atómicas AFM, se caracterizaron las propiedades tribológicas de 12 zonas significativas, a partir de estos datos se crearon superficies virtuales con geometría sinusoidal de 250 μm de área, las cuales fueron empleadas para llevar a cabo una simulación numérica para encontrar cual era la relación entre dichos parámetros y el coeficiente de fricción entre el polipropileno del Socket y la piel. La piel se modeló como un material híper-elástico y el polipropileno como un material elástico lineal, se impuso un desplazamiento inicial de contacto y un desplazamiento tangencial de las probetas para calcular el coeficiente de fricción, adicionalmente, se aplicó una presión a la parte superior de las probetas de polipropileno que simulan las presiones generadas por el calzado de la prótesis y las fuerzas generadas durante la fase de apoyo de la marcha humana. Se encontró que existe una correlación entre los parámetros tribológicos y el coeficiente de fricción, sobre la cual se presentan dos zonas principales, una donde el coeficiente de fricción disminuye a medida que aumentan dichos parámetros, y una segunda zona donde el coeficiente de fricción permanece constante.
PACS:07.79Sp
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Referencias
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[7] B. Bhushan. Principles and Applications of Tribology. Wiley-Interscience, Ohio, 1 edition, 1999.
[8] J. Halling R. D. Arnell, P. B. Davies and T. L. Whomes. Tribology: Principles and Designs Applications. Macmillan Education Ltd, London, 1 edition, 1991.
[9] M. P. Francisco. La Tribolog__a: Ciencia y T_ecnica para el Mantenimiento. Limusa S.A. de C.V, M_exico, D.F., 2 edition, 2002.
[10] History of science friction, 2012. URL http://www.tribology-abc.com/ abc/history.htm.
[11] G. Amontons. De la r_esistance caus_ee dans les machines. Histoire de l'Acad_emie Royale des Sciences, 1732:206{227, 1699.
[12] B. C. M_endez Orqu__dez. Una nueva ley de Fricci_on Cin_etica para bloques rigidos y su aplicaci_on a problemas Geos__smicos. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Nacional Aut_onoma de M_exico, M_exico, D.F., 2009.
[13] NanoSurf. easyscan 2 exafm operating instructions. 2010.
[14] MJ. Wisniak. Guillaume Amontons. Revista CENIC Ciencias Qu__micas, 36 (3), 2005.
[15] G. Amontons. Moyen de substituer commode´ment l'action du feu a la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines. Acad_emie Royale de Paris, 1699.
[16] P. de la Hire. Sur le frottement des machines. Histoire de l'Acad_emie Royale des Sciences, 1732:104{106, 1699. ISSN 1063 6528(96)09301-9.
[17] S. Vince. Motion of Bodies A_ected by Friction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 75:165|-189, 1784.
[18] N. Petrov. Friction in machines and the e_ect of lubricants. Inzhenerno Zhurnal, 4:535|-564, 1883.
[19] T. F. J. Quinn. Physical Analysis for Tribology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1 edition, 1991.
[20] F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1 edition, 1964.
[21] P. H. Anthoine L. Aubert A. A. Koudine, M. Barquins and J. L. Leveque. Frictional properties of skin: proposal of a new approach. International journal of cosmetic science, 22(1):11{20, 2000. URL http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00006.x/full.
[22] C. P. Hendriks and S. E. Franklin. Inuence of Surface Roughness, Material and Climate Conditions on the Friction of Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 37(2):361{373, 2009. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711.
[23] M. Geerligs. Skin layer mechanics. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1 edition, 2010.
[24] J. Van Eemeren C. W. J. Oomens F. P. T. Baaijens F. M. Hendriks, D. Brokken and J. Horsten. A numerical-experimental method to characterize the non-linear mechanical behaviour of human skin. Skin research and techno- logy, 9(3):274|-283, 2003. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00019.x/full.
[25] S. C. C. Cowin and S. B. Doty. issue Mechanics. Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 1 edition, 2007.
[26] Michel Destrade Michael D. Gilchrist Aisling N__ Annaidh, Karine Bruy_ere and M_elanie Ott_enio. Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin. Journal of the Mechanical Behaivor of Biomedical Materials, (5):139{148.
[27] James C. Birchall Rachel B. Groves, Sion A. Coulman and Sam L. Evans. An anisotropic, hyperelastic model for skin: Experimental measurements, _nite element modelling and identi_cacion of parameters for human and murine skin. Journal of the Mechanical Behaivor of Biomedical Materials, 1(18): 167{180, 2013.
[28] J.M. Lagarde H. Zahouani A. Delalleau, G. Josse and J.-M. Bergheau. Characterization of the mechanical properties of skin by inverse analysis combined with the indentation test. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(9):1603{1610, 2006. ISSN 0021-9290. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929005002162.
[29] M. Geerligs. A literature review of the mechanical behavior of the stratum corneum, the living epidermis and the subcutaneous fat tissue. Philips Research Europe, 1 edition, 2006.
[30] B. Sohm R. Vargiolu V. Cenizo H. Zahouani, C. Pailler-Mattei and R. Debret. Characterization of the mechanical properties of a dermal equivalent compared with human skin in vivo by indentation and static friction tests. Skin Research and Technology, 15(1):68{76, 2009. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1600-0846.2008.00329.x/abstract.
[31] G. Peters P. Ackermans F. Baaijens M. Geerligs, L. van Breemen and C. Oomens. AIn vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(6):337{346, 2011. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929011000455.
[32] P. D. Gasson R. J. Lapeer and V. Karri. Simulating plastic surgery: From human skin tensile tests, through hyperelastic _nite element models to real-time haptics. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 103(2{3):208{216, 2010. ISSN 0079-6107. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079610710000817.
[33] X. Chen A. P. Raphael H. Huang M. L. Crichton, B. C. Donose and M. A. F. Kendall. The viscoelastic, hyperelastic and scale dependent behaviour of freshly excised individual skin layers. Biomaterials, 32(20):4670{4681, 2011. ISSN 1878-5905.
[34] C. W. J. Oomens D. L. Bader F. M. Hendriks, D. Brokken and F. P. T. Baaijens. The relative contributions of di_erent skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Medical Engineering Physics, 28(3):337{346, 2006. ISSN 1350-4533. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350453305001451.
[35] J. W. Freeman F. H. Silver and D. DeVore. Viscoelastic properties of human skin and processed dermis. Skin Research and Technology, 7(1):18|-23, 2001. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/ j.1600-0846.2001.007001018.x/abstract.
[36] P. Vescovo D. Varchon F. Khatyr, C. Imberdis and J.-M. Lagarde. Model of the viscoelastic behaviour of skin in vivo and study of anisotropy. Skin Research and Technology, 10(2):96|-103, 2004. ISSN 1600-0846. URL http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j. 1600-0846.2004.00057.x/abstract.
[37] B. Briscoe M. Adams and S. Johnson. Friction and lubrication of human skin. Tribology Letters, 26(3):239{253, 2007. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11249-007-9206-0.
[38] A. Kovalev B. N. J. Persson and S. N. Gorb. Contact Mechanics and Friction on Dry and Wet Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 50(1):17{30, 1913. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/s11249-012-0053-2.
[39] M. Piedrahita Maya and J. A. V_elez Z_ea. Inuencia De La Longitud Del Muñ_on En La Distribuci_on De Esfuerzos, En La Interfaz Socket Mu~n_on En Amputados Transfemorales. Trabajo de Grado, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell__n, Colombia, 2011.
[40] V. Restrepo P_erez M. Londo~no Soto and J. A. Villarraga Ossa. Determinaci_on Del Modelo Hiperel_astico Id_oneo Para La Simulaci_on Num_erica De La Piel. First International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Design, and Manufacturing Technology, 2012.
[41] Pailler-Matt_ei and H. Zahouani. Analysis of adhesive behaviour of human skin in vivo by an indentation test. Tribology International, 39(1):12{21, 2006. ISSN 0301679X. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0301679X04002373.
[42] G. Peters P. Ackermans F. Baaijens M. Geerligs, L. van Breemen and C. Oomens. In vitro indentation to determine the mechanical properties of epidermis. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(6):1176{1181, 2011. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929011000455.
[43] I. Yoshida T. Shimizu M. Uchidate, K. Yanagi and A. Iwabuchi. Generation of 3d random topography datasets with periodic boundaries for surface metrology algorithms and measurement standards. Wear, (3):565{570. ISSN 00431648.
[44] S. K. Boyd and R. Muller. Smooth surface meshing for automated _nite element model generation from 3D image data. Journal of Biomechanics, 39 (7):1287{1295, 2006. ISSN 00219290. URL http://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0021929005001442.
[45] M. Strawski M. Szklarczyk and K. Bienkowski. 25 Years of the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Springer, pages 303{368, 2008. URL http://link springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_5.
[46] W. Zhong D. Tomanek and H. Thomas. Calculation of an atomically modulated friction force in atomic-force microscopy. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 15(8):337{346, 1991. ISSN 1063-6528(96)09301-9. URL http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/15/8/014.
[47] Inc Math Works. Matlab r2011b. 2011.
[48] Pearson Educacion. C_alculo. 2007.
[49] S. Derler and G.-M. Rotaru. Stick-slip phenomena in the friction of human skin. Wear, (4):324{329.
[50] N. Gitis and R. Sivamani. Tribometrology of Skin. Tribology Transac- tions, 47(4):461{469, 2004. ISSN 1040-2004, 1547-397X. URL http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/05698190490493355.
[51] E. Rabinowicz. Friction and Wear of Materials. Wiley, 2 edition, 1995.
[52] S. Derler and L.-C. Gerhardt. Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coe_cient of Human Skin. Tribology Letters, 45(1):2{27, 2012. ISSN 1023-8883, 1573-2711. URL http://link. springer.com/article/10.1007/s11249-011-9854-y.
[53] A. Lenz E. Bertaux S. Derler, L.-C. Gerhardt and M. Hadad. Friction of human skin against smooth and rough glass as a function of the contact pressure. Tribology International, 42(12):1565{1574, 2009. ISSN 0301-679X. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
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