One hundred and fyfty years of combustion of fossil hydrocarbons: the emergent alternatives

Main Article Content

Jorge Laine

Keywords

combustion, fossil hydrocarbons, petroleum, energy alternatives, bioenergy

Abstract

After one hundred fifty years of drilling first commercial petroleum wells that led to the intensive use of liquid fuels to move transport vehicles, we are arriving at the peak of the world-wide petroleum reserves. Yet, we still have a good portion for spending, with the hope that the consequences will be better than in the first part, which has implied several wars and deteriorations of the environment. This assay brings a review about the history of fossil fuels and with the prospective of the emergent energetic alternatives, placing emphasis on bioenergy as an alternative for the transition between the actual combustion age and the new age of clean energy.

PACS: 89.30.A-, 88.20.D-, 88.20.Yq

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Abstract 1591 | PDF (Español) Downloads 1153

References

[1] The History of Steam Engines, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/ blsteamen gine.htm, junio–2009.

[2] Steam locomotive, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam locomotive, junio–2009.

[3] How oil refining works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil–refining2.htm, junio–2009.

[4] Cracking (chemistry), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking (chemistry), junio–2009.

[5] The Story of Oil in Pennsylvania, http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/ pennsylvania/ pennsylvania.html, junio–2009.

[6] Biocombustibles, http://www.gratisweb.com/palmaceite/biocombustibles.htm, junio–2009.

[7] Internal combustion engine, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal combustión engine, junio–2009.

[8] Teoría del pico de Hubbert, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curva de Hubbert, junio–2009.

[9] Oil depletion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil depletion, junio–2009.

[10] Coal liquefaction, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal liquefaction, junio–2009.

[11] Fischer—Tropsch process, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer–Tropsch process, junio–2009.

[12] Arnulf Grubler, Doing more with less: improving the environment through green engineering. Environment, ISSN 0013–9157, 48(2), 22–37 (2006).

[13] Methane clathrate, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane clathrate, junio– 2009.

[14] Synthetic fuel, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic fuel, junio–2009.

[15] Biomass to Liquids (BtL), http://www.biofuelstp.eu/btl.html, junio–2009.

[16] Shell in Qatar, http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=qatar, junio– 2009.

[17] Agencia de protección ambiental de Estados Unidos (EPA). Luminarias de investigación, http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/news/news 112008–s.html, junio–2009.

[18] E. T. Wilkins. Air pollution and the London fog of december 1952. Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute, ISSN 0370–7334, 74(1), 1–21 (1954).

[19] Hydrodesulfurization, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization, junio–2009.

[20] B. Griffe and J. Laine. Catalytic control of automotive emissions. Acta científica venezolana, ISSN 001–5504, 38, 13–33 (1987).

[21] Sanhueza E. Global and hemispheric changes in troposphere chemistry. Interciencia, ISSN 0378–1844, 17, 208–217 (1992).

[22] Lenntech: dióxido de carbono, http://www.lenntech.com/espanol/di%C3%B3 xido%20de%20carbono.html, junio–2009.

[23] IPCC. Climate change 2007, synthesis report, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ assessment–report/ar4/syr/ar4 syr spm.pdf, junio–2009.

[24] Hockey stick controversy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey stick controversy, junio–2009.

[25] National Research Council. Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the last 2.000 years, ISBN 0–309–66144–7, 2006.

[26] Carbon Credit, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon credit, junio–2009.

[27] Greenhouse effect, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse effect, junio–2009.

[28] Fuel cell, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel cell, junio–2009.

[29] Klaus S. Lackner. A guide to CO2 sequestration. Science, ISSN 0036–8075, 300(5626), 1677–1678 (2003).

[30] U. S. Department of energy. FutureGen Clean Coal Project, http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/index.html, junio–2009.

[31] CO2 flooding, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon dioxide flooding, junio– 2009.

[32] Thomas D. Brown, Donald K. Harrison, J. Richard Jones and Kenneth A. La- Sota. Recovering coal bed methane from deep unmineable coal seams and carbon sequestration. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, ISSN 0957– 4352,29(4), 474–483 (2007).

[33] Photovoltaics, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics, junio–2009.

[34] The top 100. The world’s largest power plants, http://www.industcards.com/top–100–pt–1.htm, junio–2009.
[35] Fuel cell today, http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/index/, junio–2009.

[36] Nuclear power in France, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear power in France, junio–2009.

[37] EERE Network News. EIA: Wind Power Provided the Majority of Added Capacity in 2007, 2009.

[38] Hybrid vehicle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid vehicle, junio–2009.

[39] DOE: Bioenergy. http://www.energy.gov/energysources/bioenergy.htm, junio– 2009.

[40] Eugenio Sanhueza. Agroetanol: ¿un combustible ambientalmente amigable? Interciencia, ISSN 0378–1844, 34(2), 106–112 (2009). .

[41] Nextfuel. De los criaderos ictícolas al biocombustible, http://www.biodiesel.com.ar/?p=969, junio–2009.

[42] Jorge Laine. Los biocombustibles y la alimentación humana. Interciencia, ISSN 0378–1844, 33(1), 71–73 (2008).

[43] Sanderine Nonhebel. Renewable energy and food supply: ¿will there be enough land?. Renewable & sustainable energy review, ISSN 1364–0321, 9(2), 191–201 (2005).

[44] S. Yaman. Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstock, Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196–8904, 21, 651–671 (2004).

[45] Johannes Lehmann. Bio–energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, ISSN 1540–9295, 5(7), 381–387 (2007).

[46] Oil mallee association, Integrated Wood Processing (IWP), http://oilmallee.org.au/wood processing.html, junio–2009.

[47] M. Ogawa. Symbiosis of people and nature in the tropics. Farming Japan, ISSN 0388–0303, 28(5), 10–34 (1994).

[48] J. Pietik¨ainen, O. Kiikkil¨a and H. Fritze. Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus. Oikos, ISSN 0030–1299, 89(2), 231–242 (2000).

[49] Masahide Yamamoto et al. Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia(Soil Fertility). Soil science & plant nutrition, ISSN 0038–0768, 52(4), 489–495 (2006).

[50] International Agrichar Initiative. Paul Blackwell et al. Improving wheat production with deep banded Oil Mallee Charcoal in Western Australia. http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/taxonomy/term/30, junio–2009.

[51] Roger A. Sedjo. Forests a tool to moderate global warming. Environment, ISSN 0013–9157, 31(1), 14–20 (1989).

[52] Johaness Lehmann, John Gaunt and Marco Rondon. Bio–char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems–a review. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for globalchange, ISSN 1573–1596, 11, 403–427 (2006).

[53] Carbon cycle, http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/carbon/effig11 full.html, junio–2009.

[54] Chih-Hsin Cheng, Johannes Lehmann, Janice E. Thies and Sarah D. Burton. Stability of black carbon in soils across a climatic gradient . Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148–0277, 113(G2), 1–13 (2008).

[55] Bruno Glaser, Ludwig Haumaier, Georg Guggenberger and Wolfgang Zech. The terra preta phenomenon: A model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics, doi 10.1007/s001140000193. Naturwissenschaften, ISSN 0028–1042, 88, 37– 41 (2001).

[56] Charles C. Mann. The real dirt on rainforest fertility, doi 10.1126/science. 297.5583.920. Science, ISSN 0036–8075, 297(5583), 920–923 (2002).

[57] Emma Marris. Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green, doi:10.1038/442624a. Nature, ISSN 0028–0836, 442, 624–626 (2006).

[58] B. Liang et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils, doi 10.2136/sssaj2005.0383. Soil Science Society of America, ISSN 0361–5995, 70, 1719–1730 (2006).

[59] Ray O’Grady and Rod Rush. The terra preta phenomenon. Managing the carbon cycle, Katanning workshop, 21–22 March 2007. Referenciado en 25

[60] Jorge Laine. Sowing fossil hydrocarbons to promote bioenergy, Energeia, 20(2), 1–3 (2009).

[61] Jorge Laine and David L. Trimm. Conversion of heavy oils into more desirable feedstocks, doi 10.1002/jctb.5030320719. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, ISSN 0268–2575, 32(7–12), 813–833 (2007).

[62] Ali Al–Karaghouli, David Rennea and Lawrence L. Kazmerski. Solar and wind opportunities for water desalination in the Arab regions, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.05.007. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364–0321, 13(9), 2397-2407 (2009).