Asia in Multilateral Global Governance
Main Article Content
Keywords
Governance, globalization, multilateralism, Asia, international system
Abstract
This article contributes to the discussion on the role of regions in global governance. It is justified by the need to orient international system toward governance exercised by multilateral political institutions, still displaced by corporate economic dominance. The chosen methodology uses representative Asian organizations to conduct a holistic examination of 14 subsystems, which allows for determining how they incorporate multilateral values and guidelines and subsequently identifying potential contributions to a more democratic international order. It confirms that multilateral support for Asian decolonization process contributed to the region's extensive and sustained commitment to the United Nations, the highest universal political institution, and, as a reverse effect, the growing participation of Asian cooperation and integration organizations in multilateral political governance is foreseeable.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acharya, A. (2011). Can Asia Lead? Power ambitions and global governance in the twenty-first century. International Affairs, 87(4), 851–869.
Alimov, R. (s.f.). The role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in counteracting threats to peace and security. Naciones Unidas. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/role-shanghai-cooperation-organization-counteracting-threats-peace-and-security
Alonso, J. A. (2000). Globalisation, Civil Society, and the Multilateral System. Development in Practice 10(3/4), 348-360.
Anadolu Agency. (14 de junio de 2019). Shanghai Cooperation Organization declaration calls for greater cooperation. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-declaration-calls-for-greater-cooperation/1504428
ASEAN. (13 de enero de 2007). ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers. https://asean.org/?static_post=asean-declaration-on-the-protection-and-promotion-of-the-rights-of-migrant-workers
ASEAN. (2013). ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN. (22 de marzo de 2017). An Overview of ASEAN-United Nations Cooperation. https://asean.org/?static_post=background-overview-united-nations
ASEAN. (2020a). Plan of Action to Implement the Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Partnership between ASEAN and the United Nations (2021-2025). Obtenido de https://asean.org/storage/2020/10/ASEAN-UN-POA-2021-2025-final.pdf
ASEAN. (2020b). The Impact of COVID-19 on Livelihoods across ASEAN.Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN. (9 de abril de 2021). Overview of ASEAN-United Nations
relations. Obtenido de https://asean.org/storage/Overview-of-ASEAN-UN-Cooperation- as-of-9-April 2021.pdf
Australian Government. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2021). ASEAN Regional Forum. https://www.dfat.gov.au/international- relations/regional-architecture/asean-regional-forum-arf
Buzan y Wæver. (2003). Regions and Powers. The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, Hughes y De Lombarde. (2007). Regionalisation and Global Governance. The Taming of Globalisation. London & New York: Routledge.
Counterview.org. (26 de agosto de 2014). SAARC is world’s only regional organization not having human rights body to tackle issues related to International Covenants. https://counterview.org/2014/08/26/saarc-
is-worlds-only-regional-organization-not-having-human-rights-body-to-tackle-issues-related-to-the-international-covenants/#:~:text=Only%20region%20not%20to%20have%20human%20rights
%20mechanism&text=SAARC%20is%20the%
Cusimano, M. K. (2000). Beyond sovereignity: Issues for a global agenda.New York: St. Martin's Press.
De Gregori, W. (2002). Capital intelectual. Administración sistémica. Bogotá: McGrawHill.
De Gregori, W. (2011). Manifiesto de la proporcionalidad con democracia directa. Raleigh, N. C.: Lulu Enterprises.
Dito, M. E. (2008). GCC Labour Migration Governance. Bangkok: United Nations.
Emirates News Release. (29 de septiembre de 2015). GCC General Secretariat and United Nations Development Programme sign MoU. https://www.emiratesnewsreleases.com/gcc-general-secretariat-and- united-nations-development-programme-sign-mou/
FAO. Food and Agricultura Organization. (2021). Unlocking the Potential of Protected Agriculture in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Saving Water and Improving Nutrition. Obtenido de http://www.fao.org/3/cb4070en/cb4070en.pdf
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (12 de octubre de 2018). ASEAN Member States and UN FAO agree five-year plan to strengthen cooperation in agriculture and forestry and combat illegal, unreported
and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Obtenido de http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1157013/
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2019a). Strengthening food security and nutrition in South Asia. http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/fr/c/1195525/
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2 de noviembre de 2019b).FAO and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation strengthen partnership on food security and sustainable development. http://www.fao.org/
sustainability/news/detail/en/c/1253139/
Forman y Segaar. (2006). New Coalitions for Global Governance: The Changing Dynamics of Multilateralism. Global Governance 12(2), 205-225.
García, P. (2024). Cosmopolitismo hoy. Retos a la luz del derecho islámico. En K. M. Arévalo, Islamofobia. Las facetas de la identidad tóxica (págs. 61-92). Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Gaver, C. (1 de julio de 2020). What are the Riyadh Agreements? https://www.ejiltalk.org/what-are-the-riyadh-agreements/
GCC . (17 de diciembre de 2018). A memorandum of understanding between the GCC and the UN. https://www.gcc-sg.org/en-us/MediaCenter/NewsCooperation/News/Pages/news2018-12-17-2.aspx
GCC. (2015). GCC Human Rights Declaration. Riyadh: GCC PrintingPress.
GCC. (8 de octubre de 2019). The 1st Political Dialogue between the Gulf Cooperation Council and the United Nations. https://gcc-sg.org/en-us/MediaCenter/NewsCooperation/News/Pages/news2019-10-9-1.aspx
Guterres, A. (24 de septiembre de 2020). Briefing to the Security Council on Global Governance Post-COVID-19. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2020-09-24/briefing-security-council-global-governance-post-covid-19
Hassan, H. (marzo de 2018). 1 st WCEL International Water Justice Moot Court – 8 th World Water Forum – Brasília. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/2018/5_memorial_for_south_asian_
association_for_regional_cooperation_hiba_fatima_hassan.pdf
Held, D. (2017). Elements of a Theory of Global Governance. Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation 2, 1-14.
Higgott, R. (2001). Economic globalization and global governance:Towards a postWashington Consensus? En V. (.Hittberger, Global governance and the United Nations system (págs. 127-157). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Hoekman, B. (2018). Revitalizing multilateral governance at the world trade organization : report of the high-level board of experts on the future of global trade governance. San Domenico di Fielosi: European University
Institute. Obtenido de https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/60580
IMF. International Monetary Fund. (8 de noviembre de 2015). IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Discusses Economic Challenges with GCC Countries. https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2015/
pr15502.htm?hootPostID=eee5f321c45813beca2ebcd999c9e108
International Justice Resource Centre. (s.f.). Asia. https://ijrcenter.org/regional/asia/
Lagarde, C. (27 de febrero de 2018). ASEAN and the IMF: Working Together to Foster Inclusive Growth. https://www.imf.org/en/News/ Articles/2018/02/25/sp022718-jakarta-MD-asean-and-the-imf-
working-together-to-foster-inclusive-growth
Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50 (4), 370-396.
OECD. (6 de noviembre de 2020). COVID-19 crisis response in MENA countries. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-response-in-mena-countries-4b366396/
Parsons, T. (1951). Social Systems. New York: Glencoe.
Pattanaik, S. (2020). SAARC COVID-19 Fund: Calibrating a Regional Response to the Pandemic. Strategic Analysis 44(3), 241-252.
Querenet, Capucine. (5 de agosto de 2020). The IMF, the World Bank, and South Asia in the face of COVID-19. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-imf-the-world-bank-and-south-asia-in-the-face-of-covid-19/
Remler, P. (22 de enero de 2020). Russia at the United Nations: Law, Sovereignity, and Legitimacy. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/01/22/russia-at-united-nations-law-sovereignty-and-legitimacy-
pub-80753
SAARC. (4 de noviembre de 1987). SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism. https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv18-english.pdf
SAARC. (31 de julio de 1998). Declaration of the Tenth SAARC Summit Colombo. http://covid19sdmc.org/sites/default/files/summits/summit10.pdf
SAARC. (29 de abril de 2010). Thimbu Statement on Climate Change. Obtenido de https://www.iri.edu.ar/publicaciones_iri/anuario/cd%20Anuario%202010/Asia/SAARC/SAARC%20-%20Thimphu%20Statement%20on%20Climate%20Change%20
%2029%20April%202010.pdf
SAARC. (27 de noviembre de 2014). Kathmandu Declaration. http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/24375_EIGHTEENTH_SUMMIT_DECLARATION.pdf
SAARC. (14 de octubre de 2015). New Delhi Agreement for enhancingSAARC collaboration for Education 2030. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/New_Delhi/images/delhiagreementfinal.pdf
Saxer, M. (2009). The Comeback of Global Governance. Ways out of the crisis of multilateral structures. FES Briefing Paper, No. 4, 1-11.
SCO. (14 de junio de 2019a). Bishkek Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Heads of State Council. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/
SCO. (4 de abril de 2019b). SCO Secretary-General discusses further development of ties with UNESCO Cluster Office Director in China. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20190410/525137.html
SCO. (20 de diciembre de 2019crcu). SCO Secretary-General meets with Chief of International Organisation for Migration Mission in China. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20191220/618788.html
Security Council Report. (24 de septiembre de 2019). Ministerial Debate: Cooperation between the UN and the CSTO, the CIS and the SCO. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2019/09/ministerial-debate
cooperation-between-the-un-and-the-csto-the-cis-and-the-sco.php
Sheline, A. (11 de julio de 2019). Declaration Proliferation: The International Politics of Religious Tolerance.
https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/declaration-proliferation-theinternational-politics-of-religious-tolerance
Singh, D. (2020). Financial inclusion and economic growth nexus:Evidence from SAARC countries. South Asia Research 41(1), 1-21.
Stiglitz, J. (2002). El malestar en la globalización. Bogotá: Taurus.
Takemura, H. (2018). The Asian Region and the International Criminal Court. En Y. e. Nakanishi, Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Law (págs. 107-125). Singapore: Springer.
Thakur y Van Langenhove. (2007). nhancing global governance through regional integration. En C. W. Cooper. A. F., Regionalisation and Global Governance. The taming of globalisation? (págs. 17-42). London & New
York: Routledges.
Toffler, A. (1980). La tercera ola. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés.
Tong, S. y. (12 de abril de 2010). China-ASEAN Free Trade Area in 2010: A Regional Perspective. 20 de octubre de 2011. http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/BB519.pdf
Tussie y Riggirozzi (2001). Pressing ahead with new procedures for old machinery: Global governance and civil society. En V. Rittberger, Global governance and the United Nations system (págs. 158-180). Tokyo:
United Nations University Press.
Unesco. (2013). UNESCO Signs Cooperation Agreement with ASEAN Secretary- General. https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-signs-cooperation-agreement-asean-secretary-general-1
Unesco. (2017). UNESCO GCC & Yemen Office 2016-2017 Achievements.
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Doha/pdf/UNESCOannualreport17Eng.pdf
United Nations. (10 de noviembre de 2020). Secretary-General Calls for Stronger Ties with Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Tackling Climate Crisis, Geopolitical Tensions amid COVID-19 Recovery. https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20405.doc.htm
Weiss, Seyle y Coolidge. (2013). The Rise of Non-State Actors in Global Governance Opportunities and Limitations. https://acuns.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gg-weiss.pdf
Westergren, M. (2016). The Political Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions A Justice-Based Accoun. Stockholm: Stockholm University. Xinhua. (22 de septiembre de 2020). Xi Focus: Xi says China committed to peaceful, open, cooperative, common development.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/22/c_139388569.htm
Alimov, R. (s.f.). The role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in counteracting threats to peace and security. Naciones Unidas. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/role-shanghai-cooperation-organization-counteracting-threats-peace-and-security
Alonso, J. A. (2000). Globalisation, Civil Society, and the Multilateral System. Development in Practice 10(3/4), 348-360.
Anadolu Agency. (14 de junio de 2019). Shanghai Cooperation Organization declaration calls for greater cooperation. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-declaration-calls-for-greater-cooperation/1504428
ASEAN. (13 de enero de 2007). ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers. https://asean.org/?static_post=asean-declaration-on-the-protection-and-promotion-of-the-rights-of-migrant-workers
ASEAN. (2013). ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN. (22 de marzo de 2017). An Overview of ASEAN-United Nations Cooperation. https://asean.org/?static_post=background-overview-united-nations
ASEAN. (2020a). Plan of Action to Implement the Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Partnership between ASEAN and the United Nations (2021-2025). Obtenido de https://asean.org/storage/2020/10/ASEAN-UN-POA-2021-2025-final.pdf
ASEAN. (2020b). The Impact of COVID-19 on Livelihoods across ASEAN.Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN. (9 de abril de 2021). Overview of ASEAN-United Nations
relations. Obtenido de https://asean.org/storage/Overview-of-ASEAN-UN-Cooperation- as-of-9-April 2021.pdf
Australian Government. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2021). ASEAN Regional Forum. https://www.dfat.gov.au/international- relations/regional-architecture/asean-regional-forum-arf
Buzan y Wæver. (2003). Regions and Powers. The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, Hughes y De Lombarde. (2007). Regionalisation and Global Governance. The Taming of Globalisation. London & New York: Routledge.
Counterview.org. (26 de agosto de 2014). SAARC is world’s only regional organization not having human rights body to tackle issues related to International Covenants. https://counterview.org/2014/08/26/saarc-
is-worlds-only-regional-organization-not-having-human-rights-body-to-tackle-issues-related-to-the-international-covenants/#:~:text=Only%20region%20not%20to%20have%20human%20rights
%20mechanism&text=SAARC%20is%20the%
Cusimano, M. K. (2000). Beyond sovereignity: Issues for a global agenda.New York: St. Martin's Press.
De Gregori, W. (2002). Capital intelectual. Administración sistémica. Bogotá: McGrawHill.
De Gregori, W. (2011). Manifiesto de la proporcionalidad con democracia directa. Raleigh, N. C.: Lulu Enterprises.
Dito, M. E. (2008). GCC Labour Migration Governance. Bangkok: United Nations.
Emirates News Release. (29 de septiembre de 2015). GCC General Secretariat and United Nations Development Programme sign MoU. https://www.emiratesnewsreleases.com/gcc-general-secretariat-and- united-nations-development-programme-sign-mou/
FAO. Food and Agricultura Organization. (2021). Unlocking the Potential of Protected Agriculture in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Saving Water and Improving Nutrition. Obtenido de http://www.fao.org/3/cb4070en/cb4070en.pdf
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (12 de octubre de 2018). ASEAN Member States and UN FAO agree five-year plan to strengthen cooperation in agriculture and forestry and combat illegal, unreported
and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Obtenido de http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1157013/
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2019a). Strengthening food security and nutrition in South Asia. http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/fr/c/1195525/
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2 de noviembre de 2019b).FAO and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation strengthen partnership on food security and sustainable development. http://www.fao.org/
sustainability/news/detail/en/c/1253139/
Forman y Segaar. (2006). New Coalitions for Global Governance: The Changing Dynamics of Multilateralism. Global Governance 12(2), 205-225.
García, P. (2024). Cosmopolitismo hoy. Retos a la luz del derecho islámico. En K. M. Arévalo, Islamofobia. Las facetas de la identidad tóxica (págs. 61-92). Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Gaver, C. (1 de julio de 2020). What are the Riyadh Agreements? https://www.ejiltalk.org/what-are-the-riyadh-agreements/
GCC . (17 de diciembre de 2018). A memorandum of understanding between the GCC and the UN. https://www.gcc-sg.org/en-us/MediaCenter/NewsCooperation/News/Pages/news2018-12-17-2.aspx
GCC. (2015). GCC Human Rights Declaration. Riyadh: GCC PrintingPress.
GCC. (8 de octubre de 2019). The 1st Political Dialogue between the Gulf Cooperation Council and the United Nations. https://gcc-sg.org/en-us/MediaCenter/NewsCooperation/News/Pages/news2019-10-9-1.aspx
Guterres, A. (24 de septiembre de 2020). Briefing to the Security Council on Global Governance Post-COVID-19. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2020-09-24/briefing-security-council-global-governance-post-covid-19
Hassan, H. (marzo de 2018). 1 st WCEL International Water Justice Moot Court – 8 th World Water Forum – Brasília. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/2018/5_memorial_for_south_asian_
association_for_regional_cooperation_hiba_fatima_hassan.pdf
Held, D. (2017). Elements of a Theory of Global Governance. Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation 2, 1-14.
Higgott, R. (2001). Economic globalization and global governance:Towards a postWashington Consensus? En V. (.Hittberger, Global governance and the United Nations system (págs. 127-157). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Hoekman, B. (2018). Revitalizing multilateral governance at the world trade organization : report of the high-level board of experts on the future of global trade governance. San Domenico di Fielosi: European University
Institute. Obtenido de https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/60580
IMF. International Monetary Fund. (8 de noviembre de 2015). IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Discusses Economic Challenges with GCC Countries. https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2015/
pr15502.htm?hootPostID=eee5f321c45813beca2ebcd999c9e108
International Justice Resource Centre. (s.f.). Asia. https://ijrcenter.org/regional/asia/
Lagarde, C. (27 de febrero de 2018). ASEAN and the IMF: Working Together to Foster Inclusive Growth. https://www.imf.org/en/News/ Articles/2018/02/25/sp022718-jakarta-MD-asean-and-the-imf-
working-together-to-foster-inclusive-growth
Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50 (4), 370-396.
OECD. (6 de noviembre de 2020). COVID-19 crisis response in MENA countries. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crisis-response-in-mena-countries-4b366396/
Parsons, T. (1951). Social Systems. New York: Glencoe.
Pattanaik, S. (2020). SAARC COVID-19 Fund: Calibrating a Regional Response to the Pandemic. Strategic Analysis 44(3), 241-252.
Querenet, Capucine. (5 de agosto de 2020). The IMF, the World Bank, and South Asia in the face of COVID-19. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-imf-the-world-bank-and-south-asia-in-the-face-of-covid-19/
Remler, P. (22 de enero de 2020). Russia at the United Nations: Law, Sovereignity, and Legitimacy. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/01/22/russia-at-united-nations-law-sovereignty-and-legitimacy-
pub-80753
SAARC. (4 de noviembre de 1987). SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism. https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv18-english.pdf
SAARC. (31 de julio de 1998). Declaration of the Tenth SAARC Summit Colombo. http://covid19sdmc.org/sites/default/files/summits/summit10.pdf
SAARC. (29 de abril de 2010). Thimbu Statement on Climate Change. Obtenido de https://www.iri.edu.ar/publicaciones_iri/anuario/cd%20Anuario%202010/Asia/SAARC/SAARC%20-%20Thimphu%20Statement%20on%20Climate%20Change%20
%2029%20April%202010.pdf
SAARC. (27 de noviembre de 2014). Kathmandu Declaration. http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/24375_EIGHTEENTH_SUMMIT_DECLARATION.pdf
SAARC. (14 de octubre de 2015). New Delhi Agreement for enhancingSAARC collaboration for Education 2030. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/New_Delhi/images/delhiagreementfinal.pdf
Saxer, M. (2009). The Comeback of Global Governance. Ways out of the crisis of multilateral structures. FES Briefing Paper, No. 4, 1-11.
SCO. (14 de junio de 2019a). Bishkek Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s Heads of State Council. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/
SCO. (4 de abril de 2019b). SCO Secretary-General discusses further development of ties with UNESCO Cluster Office Director in China. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20190410/525137.html
SCO. (20 de diciembre de 2019crcu). SCO Secretary-General meets with Chief of International Organisation for Migration Mission in China. http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20191220/618788.html
Security Council Report. (24 de septiembre de 2019). Ministerial Debate: Cooperation between the UN and the CSTO, the CIS and the SCO. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2019/09/ministerial-debate
cooperation-between-the-un-and-the-csto-the-cis-and-the-sco.php
Sheline, A. (11 de julio de 2019). Declaration Proliferation: The International Politics of Religious Tolerance.
https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/declaration-proliferation-theinternational-politics-of-religious-tolerance
Singh, D. (2020). Financial inclusion and economic growth nexus:Evidence from SAARC countries. South Asia Research 41(1), 1-21.
Stiglitz, J. (2002). El malestar en la globalización. Bogotá: Taurus.
Takemura, H. (2018). The Asian Region and the International Criminal Court. En Y. e. Nakanishi, Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Law (págs. 107-125). Singapore: Springer.
Thakur y Van Langenhove. (2007). nhancing global governance through regional integration. En C. W. Cooper. A. F., Regionalisation and Global Governance. The taming of globalisation? (págs. 17-42). London & New
York: Routledges.
Toffler, A. (1980). La tercera ola. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés.
Tong, S. y. (12 de abril de 2010). China-ASEAN Free Trade Area in 2010: A Regional Perspective. 20 de octubre de 2011. http://www.eai.nus.edu.sg/BB519.pdf
Tussie y Riggirozzi (2001). Pressing ahead with new procedures for old machinery: Global governance and civil society. En V. Rittberger, Global governance and the United Nations system (págs. 158-180). Tokyo:
United Nations University Press.
Unesco. (2013). UNESCO Signs Cooperation Agreement with ASEAN Secretary- General. https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-signs-cooperation-agreement-asean-secretary-general-1
Unesco. (2017). UNESCO GCC & Yemen Office 2016-2017 Achievements.
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Doha/pdf/UNESCOannualreport17Eng.pdf
United Nations. (10 de noviembre de 2020). Secretary-General Calls for Stronger Ties with Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Tackling Climate Crisis, Geopolitical Tensions amid COVID-19 Recovery. https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20405.doc.htm
Weiss, Seyle y Coolidge. (2013). The Rise of Non-State Actors in Global Governance Opportunities and Limitations. https://acuns.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gg-weiss.pdf
Westergren, M. (2016). The Political Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions A Justice-Based Accoun. Stockholm: Stockholm University. Xinhua. (22 de septiembre de 2020). Xi Focus: Xi says China committed to peaceful, open, cooperative, common development.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/22/c_139388569.htm