Valuation: From The Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Approach To The Real Options Approach (ROA)
Main Article Content
Keywords
Opciones reales, Valoración, Flujos de Caja Descontados, Valor Presente Neto, Presupuesto de Capital.
Resumen
Existe un abismo entre precios de Mercado y la valoración estimada por métodos tradicionales tales como Flujos de Caja Descontados, un hecho que ni académicos ni practicantes pueden continuar ignorando. Recientemente, una metodología complementaria ha tomado gran fuerza. Partiendo de los Flujos de Caja Descontados, pero incorporando flexibilidad en las decisiones de inversión y aprovechando los avances en la teoría de valoración de opciones, el enfoque de opciones reales (ROA) se ha convertido en la alternativa para presupuestación de capital y valoración de empresas. La evidencia empírica muestra que ROA explica los precios de mercado mejor que los enfoques basados en flujos de caja descontados y, hoy en día, no hay discusión de que es más atractivo desde un punto de vista teórico; sin embargo, su utilización en la práctica ha sido muy limitada debido a las dificultades que presenta la valoración de las opciones reales.
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Referencias
Amran, M. and N. Kulatilaka. (1998). Real Options: Managing Strategic Investment in An Uncertain World. University Press. Oxford University.
Bailey, W. (1991). “Valuing Agricultural Firms: An Examination of the Contingent Claims Approach to Pricing Real Assets”. En: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 15, pp.771- 791.
Black, F. and M. Scholes. (1973). “The pricing of options and corporate liabilities”. En: Journal of political economy. 81. pp.637-659.
Bodie, Z., A. Kane, a nd A. Marcus. (2002). Investments. 5th Ed. Boston. McGraw-Hill Irwin
Boer, F.P. (2002). “Financial Management of R&D 2002”. http://www.boer.org/files/2002.pdf.
Brealey, R. A. and S. C. Myers. (2000). Principles of Corporate Finance. 6th Ed. Boston. Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Bulan, L. (2001). “Real Options, Irreversible Investment and Firm Uncertainty: New Evidence from U.S. Firms”. En: Working Paper, March, 2001.
Busby, J. and C. Pitts. (1997). “Real Options in Practice: An Exploratory Survey of How Decision Makers in Industry Think About Flexibility”. En: Management Accounting Research 8. pp.169-186.
Clark, E., Gadad, M. and P. Rousseau. (2004). “Investor Valuation of the Abandonment Option: Empirical Evidence from UK Divestitures”.http://www.realoptions.org/ papers2004/ClarkRealOp2004.pdf (July 31st, 2004).
Copeland, T., T. Koller, and J. Murrin. (2000). Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. 3rd Ed. New York. John Wiley & Sons.
Copeland, T. and V. Antikarov. (2001). Real Options: A Practicioner’s Guide. New York: Texere.
Cox, J.C., S.A. Ross, and M. Rubinstein. (1979). “Option Pricing: A Simplified Approach”. En: Journal of Financial Economics 7. pp.229-263.
Dixit, A.K. and R.S. Pindyck. (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty. New Jersey. Princeton University Press.
Kulatilaka, N. and A. Marcus. (1992). “Project Valuation Under Uncertainty: When does DCF fail?”. En: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5, 3. pp.92-100.
Kulatilaka, N. and L. Trigeorgis. (1994). “The General Flexibility to Switch: Real Options Revisited”. En: The International Journal of Finance 6, 2. pp.778-798.
Maya, C. (2003). "Valuation of financial Assets using Monte Carlo: When the World is not so Normal". En: Revista de Economía del Rosario, 7, 1. pp.1-17
Maya, C. (2004). Valuating a Start-Up Firm: Creative Destruction and Real Options. http://www.realoptions.org/papers2004/ MayaCreativeDest.pdf (July 31, 2004).
McDonald, R., and D. Siegel. (1985). “Investment and the Valuation of Firms when There is an Option to Shut Down”. En: International Economic Review 26, pp.331-349.
Merton, R.C. (1973). “Theory of Rational Option Pricing”. En: Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 4, (Spring), pp.141-83.
Miller, L. and C. Park (2002). “Decision Making under Uncertainty: Real Options to the Rescue?”. En: The Engineering Economist 47, 2. pp.105-151.
Moel, A., and P. Tufano. (2002). “When are Real Optins Exercised? An Empirical Study of Mine Closings”. En: Review of Financial Studies 15. pp.35-64.
Myers, S.C. (1976). “Postcript: Using Simulation for Risk Analysis” In S.C. Myers (ed.), Modern Developments in Financial Management. New York. Praeger Publishers.
Paddock, J.D., D. Siegel, and J. Smith. (1988).“Option Valuation of Claims on Physica lAssets: The Case of Offshore Petroleum Leases”. En: Quarterly Journal of Economics103, 3. pp.479-508.
Quigg, L. (1993). “Empirical Testing of Real Option Pricing Models”. En: Journal of Finance 48, 2. pp.621-640
Tong, T. and J. Reuer. (2004). Corporate Investment Decisions and the Value of Growth Options. http://www.realoptions.org/ papers2004/TongReuerGrowthOpt.pdf (July 31, 2004)
Triantis, A. and A. Borison. (2001). “Real Options: State of the Practice”. En: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 14, 2.pp. 8-24.
Trigeorgis, L.. (1986). Valuing Real Investments Opportunities: An Options Approach to Strategic Capital Budgeting. Unpublished, Ph.D. Dissertation. Harvard University.
Trigeorgis, L. (1988). “A Conceptual Options Framework for Capital Budgeting”. En: Advances in Futures and Options Research 3. pp.145-167.
Trigeorgis, L. (1996). Real Options: Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resource Allocation. Cambridge. MIT Press.
Wilmott, P. (1998) Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons, University edition.
Yao, H. and F. Pretorius (2004) “Empirical Testing of Real Options in the Hong Kong Residential Estate Market”.
Bailey, W. (1991). “Valuing Agricultural Firms: An Examination of the Contingent Claims Approach to Pricing Real Assets”. En: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 15, pp.771- 791.
Black, F. and M. Scholes. (1973). “The pricing of options and corporate liabilities”. En: Journal of political economy. 81. pp.637-659.
Bodie, Z., A. Kane, a nd A. Marcus. (2002). Investments. 5th Ed. Boston. McGraw-Hill Irwin
Boer, F.P. (2002). “Financial Management of R&D 2002”. http://www.boer.org/files/2002.pdf.
Brealey, R. A. and S. C. Myers. (2000). Principles of Corporate Finance. 6th Ed. Boston. Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Bulan, L. (2001). “Real Options, Irreversible Investment and Firm Uncertainty: New Evidence from U.S. Firms”. En: Working Paper, March, 2001.
Busby, J. and C. Pitts. (1997). “Real Options in Practice: An Exploratory Survey of How Decision Makers in Industry Think About Flexibility”. En: Management Accounting Research 8. pp.169-186.
Clark, E., Gadad, M. and P. Rousseau. (2004). “Investor Valuation of the Abandonment Option: Empirical Evidence from UK Divestitures”.http://www.realoptions.org/ papers2004/ClarkRealOp2004.pdf (July 31st, 2004).
Copeland, T., T. Koller, and J. Murrin. (2000). Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. 3rd Ed. New York. John Wiley & Sons.
Copeland, T. and V. Antikarov. (2001). Real Options: A Practicioner’s Guide. New York: Texere.
Cox, J.C., S.A. Ross, and M. Rubinstein. (1979). “Option Pricing: A Simplified Approach”. En: Journal of Financial Economics 7. pp.229-263.
Dixit, A.K. and R.S. Pindyck. (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty. New Jersey. Princeton University Press.
Kulatilaka, N. and A. Marcus. (1992). “Project Valuation Under Uncertainty: When does DCF fail?”. En: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5, 3. pp.92-100.
Kulatilaka, N. and L. Trigeorgis. (1994). “The General Flexibility to Switch: Real Options Revisited”. En: The International Journal of Finance 6, 2. pp.778-798.
Maya, C. (2003). "Valuation of financial Assets using Monte Carlo: When the World is not so Normal". En: Revista de Economía del Rosario, 7, 1. pp.1-17
Maya, C. (2004). Valuating a Start-Up Firm: Creative Destruction and Real Options. http://www.realoptions.org/papers2004/ MayaCreativeDest.pdf (July 31, 2004).
McDonald, R., and D. Siegel. (1985). “Investment and the Valuation of Firms when There is an Option to Shut Down”. En: International Economic Review 26, pp.331-349.
Merton, R.C. (1973). “Theory of Rational Option Pricing”. En: Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 4, (Spring), pp.141-83.
Miller, L. and C. Park (2002). “Decision Making under Uncertainty: Real Options to the Rescue?”. En: The Engineering Economist 47, 2. pp.105-151.
Moel, A., and P. Tufano. (2002). “When are Real Optins Exercised? An Empirical Study of Mine Closings”. En: Review of Financial Studies 15. pp.35-64.
Myers, S.C. (1976). “Postcript: Using Simulation for Risk Analysis” In S.C. Myers (ed.), Modern Developments in Financial Management. New York. Praeger Publishers.
Paddock, J.D., D. Siegel, and J. Smith. (1988).“Option Valuation of Claims on Physica lAssets: The Case of Offshore Petroleum Leases”. En: Quarterly Journal of Economics103, 3. pp.479-508.
Quigg, L. (1993). “Empirical Testing of Real Option Pricing Models”. En: Journal of Finance 48, 2. pp.621-640
Tong, T. and J. Reuer. (2004). Corporate Investment Decisions and the Value of Growth Options. http://www.realoptions.org/ papers2004/TongReuerGrowthOpt.pdf (July 31, 2004)
Triantis, A. and A. Borison. (2001). “Real Options: State of the Practice”. En: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 14, 2.pp. 8-24.
Trigeorgis, L.. (1986). Valuing Real Investments Opportunities: An Options Approach to Strategic Capital Budgeting. Unpublished, Ph.D. Dissertation. Harvard University.
Trigeorgis, L. (1988). “A Conceptual Options Framework for Capital Budgeting”. En: Advances in Futures and Options Research 3. pp.145-167.
Trigeorgis, L. (1996). Real Options: Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resource Allocation. Cambridge. MIT Press.
Wilmott, P. (1998) Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons, University edition.
Yao, H. and F. Pretorius (2004) “Empirical Testing of Real Options in the Hong Kong Residential Estate Market”.