De la obtención a la degradación de PHB: Una revisión de la literatura. Parte II
Main Article Content
Keywords
Biopolímeros, degradación de PHB, poli(hidroxialcanoato)(PHA), poli(hidroxibutirato)(PHB)
Resumen
En nuestra revisión anterior (parte I - propiedades del material), se discutieron las propiedades químicas, físicas y morfológicas, aplicaciones y mecanismos de obtención del poli (3-hidroxibutirato). El PHB es un polímero de base biológica que se presenta como una opción ecológica debido a su característica de degradación en la presencia de factores ambientales y debido a la acción de microorganismos como algas, hongos y bacterias. En esta segunda revisión se abordan aspectos relacionados con los tipos de degradación a los que este polímero está sujeto y las condiciones necesarias para su degradación. Entre estos mecanismos están la degradación térmica, la degradación termomecánica, la degradación abiótica, la foto de
degradación y la biodegradación. Se percibe que la degradación del PHB puede ser vista como una característica ventajosa de este material. Esta revisión complementa la anterior y utiliza la misma terminología.
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Referencias
[1] S. K. Ghosh, S. Pal, and S. Ray, “Study of microbes having potentiality forbiodegradation of plastics,”Environmental Science and Pollution Research,vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 4339–4355, 7 2013. 208, 210, 221
[2] A. Shah, F. Hasan, A. Hameed, and S. Ahmed, “Biological degradation ofplastics: A comprehensive review,”Biotechnology Advances, vol. 26, no. 3,pp. 246–265, 6 2008. 209, 211, 212, 216, 220, 221, 222
[3] D. S. Rosa and R. Pantano Filho,Biodegradação: um ensaio com polímeros.São Paulo: Editora Moara, 2003. 209, 215, 216
[4] G. J. M. Fechine, “Polímeros biodegradáveis: tipos, mecanismos, normas emercado mundial,”Biomacromolecules, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 1 2005. 209
[5] D. S. Rosa, Q. S. H. Chui, R. Pantano Filho, and J. A. M. Agnelli, “Avali-ação da biodegradação de poli-β-(hidroxibutirato), poli-β-(hidroxibutirato-co-valerato) e poli- -(caprolactona) em solo compostado,”Polímeros: Ciên-cia e Tecnologia, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 311–317, 12 2002. 209
[6] M. A. De Paoli, “Degradação e estabilização de polímeros.”São Paulo: Edi-tora Artliber, 2009. 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217
[7] M. Kawalec, M. Sobota, M. Scandola, and P. Kurcok, “A convenient routeto PHB macromonomers via anionically controlled moderate-temperaturedegradation of PHB,”Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chem-istry, vol. 48, no. 23, pp. 5490–5497, 10 2010. 210
[8] P. Bordes, E. Hablot, E. Pollet, and L. Avérous, “Effect of clay organomod-ifiers on degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates,”Polymer Degradation andStability, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 789–796, 5 2009. 210, 211, 212, 217
[9] W. M. Pachekoski, C. Dalmolin, and J. A. M. Agnelli, “The influence of theindustrial processing on the degradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate) - PHB,”Materials Research, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 237–332, 4 2013. 211, 212, 214, 215
[10] Y. Chen, I.-N. Chou, Y.-H. Tsai, and H.-S. Wu, “Thermal degradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)in drying treatment,”Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 130, no. 5,pp. 3659–3667, 6 2013. 211, 213
[11] M. Kunioka and Y. Doi, “Thermal degradation of microbial copolyesters:poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate),”Macromolecules, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1933–1936, 41990. 211
[12] A. Hoffmann, S. Kreuzberger, and G. Hinrichsen, “Influence of thermal degra-dation on tensile strength and Young’s modulus of poly(hydroxybutyrate),”Polymer Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 355–359, 8 1994. 211
[13] N. Grassie, E. J. Murray, and P. A. Holmes, “The thermal degradation ofpoly(-(d)-β-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 3 - the reaction mechanism,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 127–134, 12 1984. 212
[14] H. Ariffin, H. Nishida, Y. Shirai, and M. A. Hassan, “Anhydride productionas an additional mechanism of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) pyrolysis,” vol. 111,no. 1, pp. 323–328, 2009. 212
[15] J. P. Eubeler, S. Zok, M. Bernhard, and T. P. Knepper, “Environmentalbiodegradation of synthetic polymers i. test methodologies and procedures,”TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1057–1072, 10 2009.215, 220
[16] N. G. Salguero, M. F. Grosso, H. Durán, P. J. Peruzzo, J. I. Amalvy, C. R.Arbeitman, and G. García Bermúdez, “Characterization of biodegradablepolymers irradiated with swift heavy ions,”Nuclear Instruments and Methodsin Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms,vol. 273, pp. 47–50, 2 2012. 215
[17] A. T. Michel and S. Billington, “Characterization of poly-hydroxybutyratefilms and hemp fiber reinforced composites exposed to accelerated weather-ing,”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 870–878, 6 2012.216
[18] M. Larsson, O. Markbo, and P. Jannasch, “Melt processability and ther-momechanical properties of blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates andpoly(butylene adipateco-terephthalate),”RSC Advances, vol. 6, pp. 44 354–44 363, 4 2016. 216
[19] R. K. Sadi, G. J. M. Fechine, and N. R. Demarquette, “Photodegradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate),”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 95, no. 12,pp. 2318–2327, 12 2010. 217, 218, 222
[20] T. Carswell-Pomerantz, L. Dong, D. J. T. Hill, J. H. O’Donnell,and P. J. Pomery, “Mechanistic studies on the radiation chemistry ofpoly(hydroxybutyrate),”ACS Symposium Series, vol. 620, pp. 11–27, 5 1996.217
[21] G. J. M. Fechine, J. A. B. Santos, and M. S. Rabello, “Avaliação dafotodegradação de poliolefinas através de exposição natural e artificial,”Química Nova, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 674–680, 6 2006. 217
[22] J. C. Caraschi, U. M. Ramos, and A. L. Leão, “Compósitos biodegradáveis depolihidroxibutirato (PHB) reforçado com farinha de madeira: propriedadese degradação,”Acta Scientiarum, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1609–1614, 2002. 218,220
[23] D. S. Rosa, M. R. Calil, C. G. F. Guedes, and C. E. O. Santos, “The effect ofUV-B irradiation on the biodegradability of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)and poly-β-caprolactone (PCL),”Journal of Polymers and the Environment,vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 109–113, 7 2001. 218
[24] Y. V. Tertyshnaya and L. S. Shibryaeva, “Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its blends during treatment with UV light and water,”Polymer Science, vol. 55, no. 3–4, pp. 164–168, 2013. 219
[25] V. B. Ivanov, E. Y. Khavina, S. I. Voinov, and A. A. Ol’khov, “Photooxida-tion of polyhydroxybutyrate,”International Polymer Science and Technol-ogy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 19–22, 2009. 219
[26] C. Z. Costa, M. C. C. Albuquerque, M. C. Brum, and A. M. Cas-tro, “Degradação microbiológica e enzimática de polímeros: uma revisão,”Química Nova, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 259–267, 2 2015. 219, 220, 221, 222, 223
[27] D. Akmal, M. N. Azizan, and M. I. A. Majid, “Biodegradation of microbialpolyesters P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) under the tropical climate environ-ment,”Polymer Degradation Stability, vol. 80, pp. 513–518, 12 2003. 220
[28] P. J. Hocking, R. H. Marchessault, M. R. Timmins, R. W. Lenz, andC. Fuller, “Enzymatic degradation of single crystals of bacterial and syn-thetic poly(hydroxybutyrate),”Macromolecules, vol. 29, pp. 2472–2478, 31996. 220
[29] T. D. Leathers, N. S. Govind, and R. V. Greene, “Biodegradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by a tropical marine bac-terium, pseudoalteromonasi sp. NRRL B-30083,”Journal of Polymers andthe Environment, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 119–124, 7 2000. 220
[30] A. Spyros, R. Kimmich, B. H. Briese, and D. Jendrossek, “H NMR imag-ing study of enzymatic degradation in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate): evidence for preferential degrada-tion of the amorphous phase by PHB depolymerase B from pseudomonaslemoignei,”Macromolecules, vol. 30, pp. 8218–8225, 12 1997. 220
[31] A. Krzan, S. Hemjinda, S. Miertus, and E. Chiellini, “Standardization andcertification in the area of environmentally degradable plastics,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 91, pp. 2819–2833, 12 2006. 221, 222
[32] R. Chandra and R. Rustgi, “Biodegradable polymers,”Progress in PolymerScience, vol. 23, pp. 1273–1335, 11 1998. 221, 222
[33] I. Vroman and L. Tighzert, “Biodegradable polymers,”Materials, vol. 2, no. 2,pp. 307–344, 4 2009. 221
[34] ASTM, “D6400-12 Standard specification for labeling of plastics designed tobe aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities.”West Con-shohocken, Pa: ASTM International, 2012. 221
[35] ——, “D883-12 Standard terminology relating to plastics.”West Con-shohocken, Pa: ASTM International, 2012. 221
[36] R. J. Mueller, “Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters - enzymes aspotential catalysts for polyester recycling,”Process Biochemistry, vol. 41, pp.2124–2128, 10 2006. 221
[37] R. Jayasekara, I. H. Harding, I. Bowater, and G. Lonergan, “Biodegradabilityof a selected range of polymers and polymer blends and standard methodsfor assessment of biodegradation,”Journal of Polymers and the Environment,vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 231–251, 7 2005. 221, 222
[38] H. C. Flemming, “Relevance of biofilms for the biodeterioration of surfacesof polymeric materials,”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 59, pp. 309–315, 1 1998. 221
[39] S. M. Martins-Franchetti and J. C. Marconato, “Polímeros biodegradáveis- uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade dos resíduos plásticos,”Química Nova, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 811–816, 7 2006. 221
[40] E. S. Stevens, “Green plastics: an introduction to new science of biodegrad-able plastics.”Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. 222
[41] N. Lucas, C. Bienaime, C. Belloy, M. Queneudec, F. Silvestre, and J. Nava-Saucedo, “Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques -review,”Chemosphere, vol. 73, pp. 429–442, 8 2008. 222
[42] S. V. Canevarolo Jr, “Técnicas de caracterização de polímeros.”São Paulo:Artliber Editora, 2004. 222
[43] A. C. Palmisano and C. A. Pettigrew, “Biodegradability of plastics,”Bio-Science, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 680–685, 10 1992. 222, 223
[44] N. Sridewi, K. Bhubalan, and K. Sudesh, “Degradation of commercially im-portant polyhydroxyalkanoates in tropical mangrove ecosystem,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 91, pp. 2931–2940, 12 2006. 223
[2] A. Shah, F. Hasan, A. Hameed, and S. Ahmed, “Biological degradation ofplastics: A comprehensive review,”Biotechnology Advances, vol. 26, no. 3,pp. 246–265, 6 2008. 209, 211, 212, 216, 220, 221, 222
[3] D. S. Rosa and R. Pantano Filho,Biodegradação: um ensaio com polímeros.São Paulo: Editora Moara, 2003. 209, 215, 216
[4] G. J. M. Fechine, “Polímeros biodegradáveis: tipos, mecanismos, normas emercado mundial,”Biomacromolecules, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 1 2005. 209
[5] D. S. Rosa, Q. S. H. Chui, R. Pantano Filho, and J. A. M. Agnelli, “Avali-ação da biodegradação de poli-β-(hidroxibutirato), poli-β-(hidroxibutirato-co-valerato) e poli- -(caprolactona) em solo compostado,”Polímeros: Ciên-cia e Tecnologia, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 311–317, 12 2002. 209
[6] M. A. De Paoli, “Degradação e estabilização de polímeros.”São Paulo: Edi-tora Artliber, 2009. 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217
[7] M. Kawalec, M. Sobota, M. Scandola, and P. Kurcok, “A convenient routeto PHB macromonomers via anionically controlled moderate-temperaturedegradation of PHB,”Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chem-istry, vol. 48, no. 23, pp. 5490–5497, 10 2010. 210
[8] P. Bordes, E. Hablot, E. Pollet, and L. Avérous, “Effect of clay organomod-ifiers on degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates,”Polymer Degradation andStability, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 789–796, 5 2009. 210, 211, 212, 217
[9] W. M. Pachekoski, C. Dalmolin, and J. A. M. Agnelli, “The influence of theindustrial processing on the degradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate) - PHB,”Materials Research, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 237–332, 4 2013. 211, 212, 214, 215
[10] Y. Chen, I.-N. Chou, Y.-H. Tsai, and H.-S. Wu, “Thermal degradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)in drying treatment,”Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 130, no. 5,pp. 3659–3667, 6 2013. 211, 213
[11] M. Kunioka and Y. Doi, “Thermal degradation of microbial copolyesters:poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate),”Macromolecules, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1933–1936, 41990. 211
[12] A. Hoffmann, S. Kreuzberger, and G. Hinrichsen, “Influence of thermal degra-dation on tensile strength and Young’s modulus of poly(hydroxybutyrate),”Polymer Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 355–359, 8 1994. 211
[13] N. Grassie, E. J. Murray, and P. A. Holmes, “The thermal degradation ofpoly(-(d)-β-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 3 - the reaction mechanism,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 127–134, 12 1984. 212
[14] H. Ariffin, H. Nishida, Y. Shirai, and M. A. Hassan, “Anhydride productionas an additional mechanism of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) pyrolysis,” vol. 111,no. 1, pp. 323–328, 2009. 212
[15] J. P. Eubeler, S. Zok, M. Bernhard, and T. P. Knepper, “Environmentalbiodegradation of synthetic polymers i. test methodologies and procedures,”TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1057–1072, 10 2009.215, 220
[16] N. G. Salguero, M. F. Grosso, H. Durán, P. J. Peruzzo, J. I. Amalvy, C. R.Arbeitman, and G. García Bermúdez, “Characterization of biodegradablepolymers irradiated with swift heavy ions,”Nuclear Instruments and Methodsin Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms,vol. 273, pp. 47–50, 2 2012. 215
[17] A. T. Michel and S. Billington, “Characterization of poly-hydroxybutyratefilms and hemp fiber reinforced composites exposed to accelerated weather-ing,”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 870–878, 6 2012.216
[18] M. Larsson, O. Markbo, and P. Jannasch, “Melt processability and ther-momechanical properties of blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates andpoly(butylene adipateco-terephthalate),”RSC Advances, vol. 6, pp. 44 354–44 363, 4 2016. 216
[19] R. K. Sadi, G. J. M. Fechine, and N. R. Demarquette, “Photodegradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate),”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 95, no. 12,pp. 2318–2327, 12 2010. 217, 218, 222
[20] T. Carswell-Pomerantz, L. Dong, D. J. T. Hill, J. H. O’Donnell,and P. J. Pomery, “Mechanistic studies on the radiation chemistry ofpoly(hydroxybutyrate),”ACS Symposium Series, vol. 620, pp. 11–27, 5 1996.217
[21] G. J. M. Fechine, J. A. B. Santos, and M. S. Rabello, “Avaliação dafotodegradação de poliolefinas através de exposição natural e artificial,”Química Nova, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 674–680, 6 2006. 217
[22] J. C. Caraschi, U. M. Ramos, and A. L. Leão, “Compósitos biodegradáveis depolihidroxibutirato (PHB) reforçado com farinha de madeira: propriedadese degradação,”Acta Scientiarum, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1609–1614, 2002. 218,220
[23] D. S. Rosa, M. R. Calil, C. G. F. Guedes, and C. E. O. Santos, “The effect ofUV-B irradiation on the biodegradability of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)and poly-β-caprolactone (PCL),”Journal of Polymers and the Environment,vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 109–113, 7 2001. 218
[24] Y. V. Tertyshnaya and L. S. Shibryaeva, “Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its blends during treatment with UV light and water,”Polymer Science, vol. 55, no. 3–4, pp. 164–168, 2013. 219
[25] V. B. Ivanov, E. Y. Khavina, S. I. Voinov, and A. A. Ol’khov, “Photooxida-tion of polyhydroxybutyrate,”International Polymer Science and Technol-ogy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 19–22, 2009. 219
[26] C. Z. Costa, M. C. C. Albuquerque, M. C. Brum, and A. M. Cas-tro, “Degradação microbiológica e enzimática de polímeros: uma revisão,”Química Nova, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 259–267, 2 2015. 219, 220, 221, 222, 223
[27] D. Akmal, M. N. Azizan, and M. I. A. Majid, “Biodegradation of microbialpolyesters P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) under the tropical climate environ-ment,”Polymer Degradation Stability, vol. 80, pp. 513–518, 12 2003. 220
[28] P. J. Hocking, R. H. Marchessault, M. R. Timmins, R. W. Lenz, andC. Fuller, “Enzymatic degradation of single crystals of bacterial and syn-thetic poly(hydroxybutyrate),”Macromolecules, vol. 29, pp. 2472–2478, 31996. 220
[29] T. D. Leathers, N. S. Govind, and R. V. Greene, “Biodegradation ofpoly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by a tropical marine bac-terium, pseudoalteromonasi sp. NRRL B-30083,”Journal of Polymers andthe Environment, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 119–124, 7 2000. 220
[30] A. Spyros, R. Kimmich, B. H. Briese, and D. Jendrossek, “H NMR imag-ing study of enzymatic degradation in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate): evidence for preferential degrada-tion of the amorphous phase by PHB depolymerase B from pseudomonaslemoignei,”Macromolecules, vol. 30, pp. 8218–8225, 12 1997. 220
[31] A. Krzan, S. Hemjinda, S. Miertus, and E. Chiellini, “Standardization andcertification in the area of environmentally degradable plastics,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 91, pp. 2819–2833, 12 2006. 221, 222
[32] R. Chandra and R. Rustgi, “Biodegradable polymers,”Progress in PolymerScience, vol. 23, pp. 1273–1335, 11 1998. 221, 222
[33] I. Vroman and L. Tighzert, “Biodegradable polymers,”Materials, vol. 2, no. 2,pp. 307–344, 4 2009. 221
[34] ASTM, “D6400-12 Standard specification for labeling of plastics designed tobe aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities.”West Con-shohocken, Pa: ASTM International, 2012. 221
[35] ——, “D883-12 Standard terminology relating to plastics.”West Con-shohocken, Pa: ASTM International, 2012. 221
[36] R. J. Mueller, “Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters - enzymes aspotential catalysts for polyester recycling,”Process Biochemistry, vol. 41, pp.2124–2128, 10 2006. 221
[37] R. Jayasekara, I. H. Harding, I. Bowater, and G. Lonergan, “Biodegradabilityof a selected range of polymers and polymer blends and standard methodsfor assessment of biodegradation,”Journal of Polymers and the Environment,vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 231–251, 7 2005. 221, 222
[38] H. C. Flemming, “Relevance of biofilms for the biodeterioration of surfacesof polymeric materials,”Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 59, pp. 309–315, 1 1998. 221
[39] S. M. Martins-Franchetti and J. C. Marconato, “Polímeros biodegradáveis- uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade dos resíduos plásticos,”Química Nova, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 811–816, 7 2006. 221
[40] E. S. Stevens, “Green plastics: an introduction to new science of biodegrad-able plastics.”Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. 222
[41] N. Lucas, C. Bienaime, C. Belloy, M. Queneudec, F. Silvestre, and J. Nava-Saucedo, “Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques -review,”Chemosphere, vol. 73, pp. 429–442, 8 2008. 222
[42] S. V. Canevarolo Jr, “Técnicas de caracterização de polímeros.”São Paulo:Artliber Editora, 2004. 222
[43] A. C. Palmisano and C. A. Pettigrew, “Biodegradability of plastics,”Bio-Science, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 680–685, 10 1992. 222, 223
[44] N. Sridewi, K. Bhubalan, and K. Sudesh, “Degradation of commercially im-portant polyhydroxyalkanoates in tropical mangrove ecosystem,”PolymerDegradation and Stability, vol. 91, pp. 2931–2940, 12 2006. 223
Article Sidebar
Publicado
jun 15, 2018
Article Details
Cómo citar
dos Santos, A. J., Oliveira Dalla Valentina, L. V., Hidalgo Schulz, A. A., & Tomaz Duarte, M. A. (2018). De la obtención a la degradación de PHB: Una revisión de la literatura. Parte II. Ingeniería Y Ciencia, 14(27), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.17230/ingciencia.14.27.9
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Agencias de apoyo
CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo al igual que licenciado bajo una Creative Commons Attribution License que permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).