Encadenamientos productivos en el sureste de Asia: integración a las redes globales con empresas locales
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Abstract
El artículo presenta un panorama general de las políticas industriales en el Sureste de Asia y sus implicaciones en la formación de aglomeraciones económicas y el encadenamiento de empresas locales en procesos internacionales de producción. Se destacan las diferentes formas de asimilación del capitalismo en la región y las trayectorias de industrialización que determinan su vinculación con el capital internacional. Singapur destaca como un caso de éxito en la inserción al proceso productivo internacional gracias a su política industrial. En el caso extremo, Tailandia también se propuso desarrollar clusters industriales para atraer capital y desarrollar industria nacional, pero las políticas nacionalistas y la concentración económica inhibieron ese propósito. Malasia y Vietnam son casos intermedios de éxito en el aprovechamiento de las cadenas y redes de producción internacional, pero todavía deben impulsar maneras de desarrollar tecnología propia que les permita reducir la dependencia a las empresas transnacionales. El reto principal de estos países es la formación de capital humano para integrarse a las etapas de creación de valor y evadir las desventajas de la fragmentación del capitalismo global.
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References
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Busser, R. (2008). ‘Detroit of the East’? Industrial Upgrading, Japanese Car Producers and the Development of the Automotive Industry in Thailand. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 29-45.
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Cooper, C. (2013). Thailand Beating China with Toyota Means Shipping Boom. Bloomberg. 21 de febrero.
Chaminade, C. & Vang, J. (2008). Upgrading in Asian Clusters: Rethinking the Importance of Interactive-learning. Science, Technology and Society, 13(1), 61-94.
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Haggard, S. (1990). Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries. Ithaca, Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Hatch, W. (2000). Regionalization Trumps Globalization: Japanese Production Networks in Asia. En R. Stubbs & G.R.D. Underhill (Eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (2a ed., pp. 382-391). Don Mills, Ont.; Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO50
Hiratsuka, D. (2011). Production Networks in Asia-Pacific Region: Facts and Policy Implications. Discussion paper 315. Tokio: Institute of Developing Economies-JETRO.
Humphreya, J. & Schmitza, H. (2002). How Does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Clusters? Regional Studies, 36(2), 1017–1027.
Hutchinson, F. (2013). Southeast Asia’s Largest Economy Needs Vast Improvements in Infrastructure. ISEAS Perspective(23).
Iguchi, C. (2008). Determinants of Backward Linkages: The Case of TNC Subsidiaries in Malaysia. Asian Business & Management, 7(1), 53-74.
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Jung, H. & Mah, J.S. (2014). The Role of the Government in Science and Technology Education of Korea. Science Technology & Society, 19(2), 199-227.
Kagami, M. & Tsuji, M. (2003). Industrial Agglomeration: Facts and Lessons for Developing Countries. Chiba: Institute of Developing Economics; Japan External Trade Organization.
Karibe, H., Matsumoto, Y., Ohmoto, R., Oshikiri, K., et al. (2008). Formation of Automobile Industrial Cluster in Thailand and the Role of Japanese Firms.
Kawai, M. & Wignaraja, G. (2013). Patterns of Free Trade Areas in Asia. Honolulu: East West Center.
Kim, J.C. (2009). Competition among China, Japan and Korea to Woo ASEAN+3. En http://asianintegration.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=38 (revisado el 29 de septiembre de 2014).
Kimura, F. (2006). International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia: Eighteen Facts, Mechanics, and Policy Implications. Asian Economic Policy Review, 1(2), 326-344.
Kratoska, P.H., Raben, R. & Schulte Nordholt, H. (2005). Locating Southeast Asia. En P.H. Kratoska R. Raben & H. Schulte Nordholt (Eds.), Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space (pp. 1-19). Singapur: Singapore University Press.
Kuroiwa, I. & Toh, M.H. (Eds.). (2008). Production Networks and Industrial Clusters: Integrating Economies in Southeast Asia. Singapur: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Lee, Y.-S. (2009). Balanced Development in Globalizing Regional Development? Unpacking the New Regional Policy of South Korea. Regional Studies, 43(3), 353-367.
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Mudambi, R. (2008). Location, Control and Innovation in Knowledge Intensive Industries. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 699–725.
Mudambi, R. & Navarra, P. (2002). Institutions and internation business: a theoretical overview. International Business Review, 11(6), 635-646.
Nguyen, Q.N. (2009). From Craft Villages to Clusters in Vietnam: Transition Through Globalisation. En B. Ganne (Ed.),Asian Industrial Clusters, Global Competitiveness and New Policy Initiatives (pp. 365-404). Singapur: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Ofreneo, R.E. (2008). Arrested Development: Multinationals, TRIMs and the Philippines’ Automotive Industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 65-84.
Pangestu, M. (1990). ASEAN Cooperation Towards Foreign Investment. En L.Y. Soon (Ed.), Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN (pp. 285-294). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Economic Association
Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Nueva York: Free Press.
------------ (1998). Clusters and the New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review, 76, 77-90.
------------ (2000). Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1), 15-34.
Rasiah, R. (2008). Special Issue: Multinationals, Technology and Localization in the Automotive Industry in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 1-12.
Ravenhill, J. & Bernard, M. (1995). Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese: Regionalization, Hierarchy, and the Industrialization of East Asia. World Politics, 47(2), 171-209.
Sajarattanochote, S. & Poon, J.P.H. (2009). Multinationals, Geographical Spillovers, and Regional Development in Thailand. Regional Studies, 43(3), 479-494.
Sturgeon, T.J. (2006). How Globalization Drives Institutional Diversity: the Japanese Electronics Industry’s Response to Value Chain Modularity. ITEC Working Paper Series 06-18. Kioto: Institute for Technology, Enterprise and Competitiveness, Doshisha University.
Suehiro, A. (2007). Catch-up Industrialization: The Trajectory and Prospects of East Asian Economies. Honululu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Sun, Y., Von Zedtwitz, M. & Simon, D.F. (2007). Globalization of R&D and China: An Introduction. Asia Pacific Business Review, 13(3), 311-319.
MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO51
Tachiki, D. (2004). Between Foreign Direct Investment and Regionalism: The Role of Japanese Production Networks. In T.J. Pempel (Ed.), Remapping East Asia (pp. 149-169). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
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Barry, F., Görg, H. & Strobl, E. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment, Agglomerations, and Demonstration Effects: An Empirical Investigation. Review of World Economics, 139(4), 583-600.
Beeson, M. (2001). Japan and South-East Asia: The Lineaments of Quasi-Hegemony. En G. Rodan K. Hewison & R. Robison (Eds.), The Political Economy of South-East Asia: Conflicts, Crises and Change (2a ed., pp. 283-306). Melbourne; Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Belderbos, R. & Carree, M. (2002). The Location of Japanese Investments in China: Agglomeration Effects, Keiretsu, and Firm Heterogeneity. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 16(2), 194-211.
Borrus, M., Ernst, D. & Haggard, S. (Eds.). (2000). International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches? Londres; Nueva York: Routledge.
Busser, R. (2008). ‘Detroit of the East’? Industrial Upgrading, Japanese Car Producers and the Development of the Automotive Industry in Thailand. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 29-45.
Byun, H.-y. & Walsh, J. (1998). Strategic Investment Policy in South-East Asia: Korean Firms in Vietnam. Pacific Focus, 13(1), 99-123.
Carney, M. (2005). Globalization and the Renewal of Asian Business Networks. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22, 337-354.
Cooper, C. (2013). Thailand Beating China with Toyota Means Shipping Boom. Bloomberg. 21 de febrero.
Chaminade, C. & Vang, J. (2008). Upgrading in Asian Clusters: Rethinking the Importance of Interactive-learning. Science, Technology and Society, 13(1), 61-94.
Chowdhury, A. & Islam, I. (1993). The Newly Industrialising Economies of East Asia. Londres; Nueva York: Routledge.
Dent, C. (2003). Transnational Capital, the State and Foreign Economic Policy: Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Review of International Political Economy, 10(2), 246-277.
Dick, H. (2005). Southeast Asia as an Open System: Geo-politics and Economic Geography. En P.H. Kratoska R. Raben & H. Schulte Nordholt (Eds.), Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space (pp. 250-274). Singapur: Singapore University Press.
Dixon, C. (1991). South East Asia in the World-Economy: A Regional Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunning, J.H. (1985). The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production a Restatement and Some Possible Extensions. En H. Vernon-Wortzel & L.H. Wortzel (Eds.), Global Strategic Management: The Essentials (Second Edition ed., pp. 366-390). Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
------------ (2001). The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 173-190.
Dwyer, D. (1990). South East Asia in the World Today. En D. Dwyer (Ed.), South East Asian Development: Geographical Perspectives (pp. 1-14). Essex; Nueva York: Longman Scientific & Technical.
Enright, M.J. (2003). Regional Clusters: What We Know and What We Should Know. En J. Bröcker D. Dohse & R. Soltwedel (Eds.), Innovation Clusters and Interregional Competition (pp. 99-129). Berlín: Springer.
Ernst, D. (1994). Carriers of Regionalization: The East Asian Production Networks of Japanese Electronics Firms. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley.
------------ (2004). Global Production Networks in East Asia’s Electronics Industry and Upgrading Prospects in Malaysia. En S. Yusuf M.A. Altaf & K. Nabeshima (Eds.), Global Production Networking and Technological Change in East Asia (pp. 89-157). Washington, DC.: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
Frigant, V. & Lung, Y. (2002). Geographical Proximity and Supplying Relationship in Modular Production. Les Actes du Gerpisa, 34.
Ganne, B. & Lecler, Y. (2009). From Industrial Districts to Poles of Competitiveness. En B. Ganne & Y. Lecler (Eds.), Asian Industrial Clusters, Global Competitiveness and New Policy Initiatives (pp. 3-24). Singapur: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Gereffi, G. (2010). Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. & Sturgeon, T. (2005). The Governance of Global Value Chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78-104.
Gerlach, M. (1992). Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gibbon, P., Bair, J.B. & Ponte, S. (2008). Governing Global Value Chains: An Introduction. Economy and Society, 37(3), 315-338.
Haggard, S. (1990). Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries. Ithaca, Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Hatch, W. (2000). Regionalization Trumps Globalization: Japanese Production Networks in Asia. En R. Stubbs & G.R.D. Underhill (Eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (2a ed., pp. 382-391). Don Mills, Ont.; Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO50
Hiratsuka, D. (2011). Production Networks in Asia-Pacific Region: Facts and Policy Implications. Discussion paper 315. Tokio: Institute of Developing Economies-JETRO.
Humphreya, J. & Schmitza, H. (2002). How Does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Clusters? Regional Studies, 36(2), 1017–1027.
Hutchinson, F. (2013). Southeast Asia’s Largest Economy Needs Vast Improvements in Infrastructure. ISEAS Perspective(23).
Iguchi, C. (2008). Determinants of Backward Linkages: The Case of TNC Subsidiaries in Malaysia. Asian Business & Management, 7(1), 53-74.
Jun, Y. & Simon, D.F. (1995). Technological Change, Foreign Investment and the New Strategic Thrust of Japanese Firms in the Asia Pacific. En E.K.Y. Chen & P. Drysdale (Eds.), Corporate Links and Foreign Direct Investment in Asia and the Pacific. Pymble, NSW: Harper Educational.
Jung, H. & Mah, J.S. (2014). The Role of the Government in Science and Technology Education of Korea. Science Technology & Society, 19(2), 199-227.
Kagami, M. & Tsuji, M. (2003). Industrial Agglomeration: Facts and Lessons for Developing Countries. Chiba: Institute of Developing Economics; Japan External Trade Organization.
Karibe, H., Matsumoto, Y., Ohmoto, R., Oshikiri, K., et al. (2008). Formation of Automobile Industrial Cluster in Thailand and the Role of Japanese Firms.
Kawai, M. & Wignaraja, G. (2013). Patterns of Free Trade Areas in Asia. Honolulu: East West Center.
Kim, J.C. (2009). Competition among China, Japan and Korea to Woo ASEAN+3. En http://asianintegration.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=38 (revisado el 29 de septiembre de 2014).
Kimura, F. (2006). International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia: Eighteen Facts, Mechanics, and Policy Implications. Asian Economic Policy Review, 1(2), 326-344.
Kratoska, P.H., Raben, R. & Schulte Nordholt, H. (2005). Locating Southeast Asia. En P.H. Kratoska R. Raben & H. Schulte Nordholt (Eds.), Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space (pp. 1-19). Singapur: Singapore University Press.
Kuroiwa, I. & Toh, M.H. (Eds.). (2008). Production Networks and Industrial Clusters: Integrating Economies in Southeast Asia. Singapur: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Lee, Y.-S. (2009). Balanced Development in Globalizing Regional Development? Unpacking the New Regional Policy of South Korea. Regional Studies, 43(3), 353-367.
Lim, H.S. (2008). Japan & China in East Asian Integration (5a ed.). Singapur: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Mahbubani, K.S., Rhoda (2014). ASEAN: The Way Forward. En http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/public_sector/asean_the_way_forward (revisado el 20 de octubre de 2014).
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. Londres: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
Martínez Legorreta, O. (1998). La ANSEA en su 30 Aniversario: Un Éxito Regional. Asia Pacífico 1998 (pp. 25-51). México: El Colegio de México.
McNamara, D.L. (2009). Business Innovation in Asia: Knowledge and Technology Networks from Japan. Londres; Nueva York: Routledge.
Mudambi, R. (2008). Location, Control and Innovation in Knowledge Intensive Industries. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 699–725.
Mudambi, R. & Navarra, P. (2002). Institutions and internation business: a theoretical overview. International Business Review, 11(6), 635-646.
Nguyen, Q.N. (2009). From Craft Villages to Clusters in Vietnam: Transition Through Globalisation. En B. Ganne (Ed.),Asian Industrial Clusters, Global Competitiveness and New Policy Initiatives (pp. 365-404). Singapur: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Ofreneo, R.E. (2008). Arrested Development: Multinationals, TRIMs and the Philippines’ Automotive Industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 65-84.
Pangestu, M. (1990). ASEAN Cooperation Towards Foreign Investment. En L.Y. Soon (Ed.), Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN (pp. 285-294). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Economic Association
Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Nueva York: Free Press.
------------ (1998). Clusters and the New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review, 76, 77-90.
------------ (2000). Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1), 15-34.
Rasiah, R. (2008). Special Issue: Multinationals, Technology and Localization in the Automotive Industry in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 1-12.
Ravenhill, J. & Bernard, M. (1995). Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese: Regionalization, Hierarchy, and the Industrialization of East Asia. World Politics, 47(2), 171-209.
Sajarattanochote, S. & Poon, J.P.H. (2009). Multinationals, Geographical Spillovers, and Regional Development in Thailand. Regional Studies, 43(3), 479-494.
Sturgeon, T.J. (2006). How Globalization Drives Institutional Diversity: the Japanese Electronics Industry’s Response to Value Chain Modularity. ITEC Working Paper Series 06-18. Kioto: Institute for Technology, Enterprise and Competitiveness, Doshisha University.
Suehiro, A. (2007). Catch-up Industrialization: The Trajectory and Prospects of East Asian Economies. Honululu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Sun, Y., Von Zedtwitz, M. & Simon, D.F. (2007). Globalization of R&D and China: An Introduction. Asia Pacific Business Review, 13(3), 311-319.
MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO51
Tachiki, D. (2004). Between Foreign Direct Investment and Regionalism: The Role of Japanese Production Networks. In T.J. Pempel (Ed.), Remapping East Asia (pp. 149-169). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Tay, S. (2014). ASEAN: Toward a Common Voice. Insights & Publications, September. En http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/Public_Sector/ASEAN_Toward_a_common_voice?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1409 (revisado el 19 de septiembre de 2014).
Techakanont, K. (2011). Thailand Automotive Parts Industry. En M. Kagami (Ed.), Intermediate Goods Trade in East Asia: Economic Deepening Through FTAs/EPAs. Bangkok: Bangkok Research Center; IDE-JETRO.
Umbach, F. (2000). ASEAN and Major Powers: Japan and China - A Changing Balance of Power? En J. Dosch & M. Mols (Eds.), International Relations in the Asia-Pacific: New Patterns of Power, Interest, and Cooperation (pp. 171-213). Nueva York: St. Martin’s Press.
UNCTAD (2013). World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development. Nueva York; Ginebra: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Urata, S. (1993). Japanese Foreign Direct Investment and its Impact on Foreign Trade in Asia. En T. Ito & A.O. Krueger (Eds.), Trade and protectionism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Urata, S. & Kawai, H. (2000). The Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment by Japanese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Small Business Economics, 15(2), 79-103.
Wad, P. (2008). The Development of Automotive Parts Suppliers in Korea and Malaysia: A Global Value Chain Perspective. Asia Pacific Business Review, 14(1), 47-64.
Wade, R. (1988). The Role of Government in Overcoming Market Failure. En H. Hughes (Ed.), Achieving Industrialization in East Asia (pp. 129-163). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------------ (1990). Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton; Nueva Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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Dec 1, 2014
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López Aymes, J. F. (2014). Encadenamientos productivos en el sureste de Asia: integración a las redes globales con empresas locales. Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacifico, 3(5), 24–51. https://doi.org/10.17230/map.v3.i5.02
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Juan Felipe López Aymes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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