Classic patriarchal values and their effects on working Japanese women
Main Article Content
Keywords
Japan, Working women, Patriarchy, Gender inequality, Cultural values, Androcentrism
Abstract
This paper examines how patriarchal values affect working women in Japanese society, specifically women in business and politics. This paper draws from the works of previous authors who focus on the role of working women in modern Japan in order to establish the “end point” of this investigation. The present paper also includes the historical context from which traditional patriarchal norms originated. Additionally, the development and influence of these values is examined in the following stages of women’s lives: marriage, motherhood, and workforce participation. To conclude, this paper provides an insight on how marriage and motherhood often act as deterrents and obstacles for women’s participation in business and politics.
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References
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Matsui, K., Suzuki, H., Eoyang, C., Akiba, T., & Tatebe, K. (2010). Womenomics 3.0: The Time Is Now. Retrieved from Goldman Sachs: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/womenomics3_the_time_is_now_pdf.pdf
Matsui, K., Suzuki, H., Tatebe , K., & Akiba, T. (2014). Womenomics 4.0: Time to Walk the Talk. Retrieved from Goldman Sachs: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/macroeconomic-insights-folder/womenomics4-folder/womenomics4-time-to-walk-the-talk.pdf
Nemoto, K. (2016). Too Few Women at the Top: The Persistence of Inequality in Japan. Kyoto: Cornell University Press. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1121&context=books
North, S. (2009). Negotiating What’s ‘Natural’: Persistent Domestic Gender Role Inequality in Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 12(1), 23-44.
OECD. (2017). How does Japan compare? Retrieved from The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle: https://www.oecd.org/japan/Gender2017-JPN-en.pdf
Saito, Y. (2017). Female Board of Directors and Organisational Diversity in Japan. Retrieved from University of Geneva, Institut de Recherches Sociologiques: http://ffj.ehess.fr/upload/Discussion/CEAFJPDP-17-05.pdf
Sakane, Y. (2017). The Characteristics and Global Position of the Japanese ie System. Retrieved from https://shudo-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2450&file_id=18&file_no=1
Sato, H., & Sano, Y. (2005). Employment Category Diversification and Personnel Management Problems. Retrieved from The University of Tokyo: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2005/JLR06_sato.pdf
Schieder, C. (2014). Womenomics vs. Women: Neoliberal Cooptation of Feminism in Japan. Retrieved from Meiji Journal of Political Science and Economics: http://mjpse.meiji.jp/articles/files/03-05/03-05.pdf
Sekiguchi, H. (2003). The Patriarchal Family Paradigm in Eighth-Century Japan. In D. Ko, J. Haboush, & J. Piggott (Eds.), Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan (pp. 27-46). London: University of California Press, Ltd.
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Shizuko, K. (1994). The “Good Wife and Wise Mother” Ideology in Post—World War I Japan. In K. Shizuko, & G.
Sylvain, U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal. English Supplement (Vol. 7, pp. 31-52). Retrieved from U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal. English Supplement: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42772075
Silva-Grondin, M. (2010). Women in Ancient Japan: From Matriarchal Antiquity to Acquiescent Confinement. 2(09). Retrieved from Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=286
Smith, R. (1987). Gender Inequality in Contemporary Japan. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 13(1), 1-25.
Sørensen, J. (2016). The Deinstitutionalization of Japanese Marriage? Retrieved from Lund University: http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8894889&fileOId=8894890
Steury, J. (1993). Working Mothers in Japan and the Effects on Children and Society. Retrieved from Intercultural Communication Studies 1993 : https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/04-Jill-Steury.pdf
Sugano, N. (2007). Gender, Modern Japan, and the Reception of Confucianism. Retrieved from https://appsv.main.teikyo-u.ac.jp/tosho/nsugano22.pdf
The Economist. (2014). Holding back half the nation. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/briefing/2014/03/29/holding-back-half-the-nation
The Japan Times. (2016). 60% of assemblywomen say they have been sexually harassed by male colleagues and voters. Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/29/national/social-issues/survey-finds-60-assemblywomen-sexually-harassed-male-colleagues-voters/#.XJqmQ1z0nIV
Tsusaka, M., Kimura, R., & Agawa, D. (2017). Achieving Corporate Gender Diversity - Even in Japan. Retrieved from The Bostom Consulting Group: http://image-src.bcg.com/Images/BCG-Achieving-Corporate-Gender-Diversity-Even-in-Japan-Nov-2017_tcm9-178605.pdf
Tuminez, A. (2012). Rising to the Top? A report on women’s leadership in Asia. Retrieved from National University of Singapore: http://sites.asiasociety.org/womenleaders/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Rising-to-the-Top.pdf
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Zhou, Y. (2015). Career Interruption of Japanese Women: Why Is It So Hard to Balance Work and Childcare? Retrieved from The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2015/JLR46_zhou.pdf
Allen, P. (1958). Changes in the Status of Japanese Women. The Ohio Journal of Science, 58(1). Retrieved from https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4505/V58N01_039.pdf
Araújo, A. M. (2012). The “good wife and wise mother” pattern: gender differences in today‘s Japanese society. Crítica Contemporánea - Revista de Teoría Politica(2), 156-169. Retrieved from http://cienciassociales.edu.uy/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/09/Ana-Micaela-Ara%C3%BAjo-Nocedo.pdf
Aston, W. (1910). Shinto: The Ancient Religion of Japan. London: Constable & Co Ltd. Retrieved from http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b28360102.pdf
Brandenburg, G. (2016). Young Women’s Leadership In Japan. Retrieved from University of Adelaide: http://ywca.com.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Arts-Internship-YWCA-Adelaide-YW-Leadership-in-Japan.pdf
Cao, L. (2007). Culture Change. Virginia Journal of International Law, 357-412. Retrieved from Virginia Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/18/
Cartwright, M. (2012). Amaterasu. Retrieved from Ancient History Encyclopedia: https://www.ancient.eu/Amaterasu/
Deal, W. (2005). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. New York: Infobase Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.cultorweb.com/eBooks/Storia/Life%20In%20Medieval%20And%20Early%20 Modern%20Japan.pdf
Eda, M. (2018). What will it take for the world’s third-largest economy to empower women? Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/japan-needs-women-to-remain-the-worlds-third-largest-economy/
Ekken, K. (2005). Excerpts from The Great Learning for Women. In T. de Bary, C. Gluck, & A. Tiedemann, Sources of Japanese Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from Sources of Japanese Tradition: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/ekken_greaterlearning.pdf?menu=1&s=4
Estévez-Abe, M. (2013). An International Comparaison of Gender Equality: Why Is The Japanese Gender Gap So Persistent? Japan Labor Review, 10(2). Retrieved from https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2013/JLR38_estevez-abe.pdf
Funabashi, K. (2004). The History and Future of Women’s Participation in Politics in Japan. Women’s Asia 21: Voices from Japan(13). Retrieved from http://www.ajwrc.org/english/sub/voice/13-2-2.pdf
Gastineau, Z. (2015). How Women in Heian Japan Reflect and Alter Ancient China ‘s Ideal Woman: The Warriors of Virtue. Retrieved from University of Arkansas: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/72840033.pdf
Grant, R. (2016). Japanese Workplace Harassment Against Women and the Subsequent Rise of Activist Movements: Combatting Four Forms of Hara to Create a More Gender Equal Workplace. Retrieved from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/20291/Final%20Thesis-Grant.pdf?sequence=1
Hegarty, P., & Buechel, C. (2006). Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences in APA Journals: 1965–2004. Review of General Psychology, 10(4), 377-389. Retrieved from https://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/hegarty-and-buechel.pdf
Henshall, K. (2004). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from http://elibrary.bsu.az/books_400/N_4.pdf
Hernon, M. (2018). Fired for Having a Baby: Victims of Maternity Harassment in Japan Speak Out. Retrieved from Tokyo Weekender: https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2018/09/fired-for-having-a-baby-victims-of-maternity-harassment-in-japan-speak-out/
HoR. (n.d.). The Legislative Bureau of the House of Representatives. Retrieved from http://www.shugiin. go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/housei/html/h-english.html
IGS. (2018). The Gender Parity Law in Japan: The Potential to Change Women’s Under-representation. Retrieved from Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University: http://www2.igs.ocha.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/7-Miura.pdf
IPU. (2019). Women in national parliaments. Retrieved from Inter-Parliamentary Union: http://archive.ipu. org/wmn-e/ClaSSif.htm
JILPT. (2016). Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016 Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview. Retrieved from The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/general/2015-2016/2015-2016.pdf
Kano, A. (2018). Womenomics and Acrobatics: Why Japanese Feminists Remain Skeptical about Feminist State Policy. Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 2(1). Retrieved from Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics: http://www.lectitopublishing.nl/viewpdf/womenomics-and-acrobatics-why-japanese-feminists-remain-skeptical-about-feminist-state-policy.pdf
Kiguchi, J. (2017). Japanese Women’s Rights at the Meiji Era. Retrieved from Soka University: https://www.soka.ac.jp/files/ja/20170525_141432.pdf
Larmer, B. (2018). Why Does Japan Make It So Hard for Working Women to Succeed? Retrieved from The New York Times Magazine: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/magazine/why-does-japan-make-it-so-hard-for-working-women-to-succeed.html
Levi, N. (2013). The Impact of Confucianism in South Korea and Japan. Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia, 1-10. Retrieved from http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-9a3467f0-a586-496e-b516-6db53219a71a/c/12-Levi-ver02-poprawione.pdf
Luera, M. (2004). No More Waiting For Revolution: Japan Should Take Positive Action To Implement The Convention On The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association. Retrieved from http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN93859.pdf
Matsui, K., Suzuki, H., Eoyang, C., Akiba, T., & Tatebe, K. (2010). Womenomics 3.0: The Time Is Now. Retrieved from Goldman Sachs: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/womenomics3_the_time_is_now_pdf.pdf
Matsui, K., Suzuki, H., Tatebe , K., & Akiba, T. (2014). Womenomics 4.0: Time to Walk the Talk. Retrieved from Goldman Sachs: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/macroeconomic-insights-folder/womenomics4-folder/womenomics4-time-to-walk-the-talk.pdf
Nemoto, K. (2016). Too Few Women at the Top: The Persistence of Inequality in Japan. Kyoto: Cornell University Press. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1121&context=books
North, S. (2009). Negotiating What’s ‘Natural’: Persistent Domestic Gender Role Inequality in Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 12(1), 23-44.
OECD. (2017). How does Japan compare? Retrieved from The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle: https://www.oecd.org/japan/Gender2017-JPN-en.pdf
Saito, Y. (2017). Female Board of Directors and Organisational Diversity in Japan. Retrieved from University of Geneva, Institut de Recherches Sociologiques: http://ffj.ehess.fr/upload/Discussion/CEAFJPDP-17-05.pdf
Sakane, Y. (2017). The Characteristics and Global Position of the Japanese ie System. Retrieved from https://shudo-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2450&file_id=18&file_no=1
Sato, H., & Sano, Y. (2005). Employment Category Diversification and Personnel Management Problems. Retrieved from The University of Tokyo: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2005/JLR06_sato.pdf
Schieder, C. (2014). Womenomics vs. Women: Neoliberal Cooptation of Feminism in Japan. Retrieved from Meiji Journal of Political Science and Economics: http://mjpse.meiji.jp/articles/files/03-05/03-05.pdf
Sekiguchi, H. (2003). The Patriarchal Family Paradigm in Eighth-Century Japan. In D. Ko, J. Haboush, & J. Piggott (Eds.), Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan (pp. 27-46). London: University of California Press, Ltd.
Shirahase, S. (2000). Women’s Increased Higher Education and the Declining Fertility Rate in Japan. (9), 47-63. Retrieved from Review of Population and Social Policy: http://www.ipss.go.jp/publication/e/R_s_p/No.9_P47.pdf
Shizuko, K. (1994). The “Good Wife and Wise Mother” Ideology in Post—World War I Japan. In K. Shizuko, & G.
Sylvain, U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal. English Supplement (Vol. 7, pp. 31-52). Retrieved from U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal. English Supplement: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42772075
Silva-Grondin, M. (2010). Women in Ancient Japan: From Matriarchal Antiquity to Acquiescent Confinement. 2(09). Retrieved from Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=286
Smith, R. (1987). Gender Inequality in Contemporary Japan. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 13(1), 1-25.
Sørensen, J. (2016). The Deinstitutionalization of Japanese Marriage? Retrieved from Lund University: http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8894889&fileOId=8894890
Steury, J. (1993). Working Mothers in Japan and the Effects on Children and Society. Retrieved from Intercultural Communication Studies 1993 : https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/04-Jill-Steury.pdf
Sugano, N. (2007). Gender, Modern Japan, and the Reception of Confucianism. Retrieved from https://appsv.main.teikyo-u.ac.jp/tosho/nsugano22.pdf
The Economist. (2014). Holding back half the nation. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/briefing/2014/03/29/holding-back-half-the-nation
The Japan Times. (2016). 60% of assemblywomen say they have been sexually harassed by male colleagues and voters. Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/29/national/social-issues/survey-finds-60-assemblywomen-sexually-harassed-male-colleagues-voters/#.XJqmQ1z0nIV
Tsusaka, M., Kimura, R., & Agawa, D. (2017). Achieving Corporate Gender Diversity - Even in Japan. Retrieved from The Bostom Consulting Group: http://image-src.bcg.com/Images/BCG-Achieving-Corporate-Gender-Diversity-Even-in-Japan-Nov-2017_tcm9-178605.pdf
Tuminez, A. (2012). Rising to the Top? A report on women’s leadership in Asia. Retrieved from National University of Singapore: http://sites.asiasociety.org/womenleaders/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Rising-to-the-Top.pdf
World Economic Forum. (2018). The Global Gender Gap Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www. weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2018
Zhou, Y. (2015). Career Interruption of Japanese Women: Why Is It So Hard to Balance Work and Childcare? Retrieved from The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training: https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2015/JLR46_zhou.pdf
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Dec 13, 2019
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Villa, L. F. (2019). Classic patriarchal values and their effects on working Japanese women. Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacifico, 8(14), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.17230/map.v8.i14.04
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