Post-Industrial Challenges In Modern South Korea: Educational Pressures And Their Impact On Young People
Main Article Content
Keywords
Industrialization, Educational system, South Korea, Social pressure, Suicide, Confucianism
Abstract
This paper examines the role of the educational system in modern South Korea and its effects on young students. It takes a threefold approach: Starting off with a historical background about education as the backbone for South Korea’s rapid economic growth during the 70s and 80s, followed by an in-detail approach to the current educational system and its high-pressure context. Afterwards, the effects on youth deriving from this particular background are 24 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18 explored from a social, cultural, and demographic standpoint, closing up with the actions taken by the government to tackle this national issue. Last, but not least, based on the quantitative and qualitative work of previous authors, this paper concludes with an insight of recommendations and the importance of addressing limitations and acknowledging gaps, as a step to effective measures that offer social welfare for future generations.
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References
Armstrong M. (2019, December 3). PISA 2018: The Top-Rated Countries. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/chart/7104/pisa-top-rated-countries-regions-2016/
Caldentey, E. (2008). The Concept and Evolution of the Developmental State. Retrieved from The International Journal of Political Economy,37(3), 27-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317224?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Chang, S., Hong, J.-P., & Cho, M. (2012). Economic burden of depression in South Korea. Retrieved from Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(5), 683–689. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=74300162〈=es&site=edslive&scope=site
Chang, S.-S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A. C., Lu, T.-H., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2009). Was the economic crisis 1997–1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time–trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Retrieved from Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1322–1331. https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0277953609000100
Choe, M. & Retherford, R. (2009). The Contribution of Education to South Korea’s Fertility Decline to “Lowest-Low” Level. Retrieved from Asian Population Studies, 5(3), 267–288. https://www-tandfonlinecom.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/doi/pdf/10.1080/17441730903351503?needAccess=true
Choi, H. (2013). Does Hagwon Curfew Work?. Retrieved from Lundi University. http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4016661&fileOId=4016666
Duncan J. B (2015). Confucianismo y sociedad en el Este de Asia: El caso de Corea. Retrieved from Catedras Internacionales. http://www.catedrasinternacionales.ucr.ac.cr/chakana/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/John-Duncan.pdf
Fleckenstein, T., & Lee, S. C. (2019). The political economy of education and skills in South Korea: democratisation, liberalisation and education reform in comparative perspective. Retrieved from Pacific Review, 32(2), 168: https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/doi/full/10.1080/09512748.2018.1443155
Gajaawera N. (2016, February 11). Traditional and Innovative – How Korean Buddhism Stays Relevant. Retrieved from USC University of Southern California: https://crcc.usc.edu/traditional-and-innovative-howkorean-buddhism-stays-relevant/
Harvard (2016, March 7). From the Mountains into the Cities: The Transformation of Buddhism in Modern Korea. Retrieved from Harvard: https://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/3/7/mountains-citiestransformation-buddhism-modern-korea
Hultberg P., Calonge D. S., & Kim S-H. (2017). Education policy in South Korea: A contemporary model of human capital accumulation?. Retrieved from Cogent Economics & Finance, 1. https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23322039.2017.1389804.pdf
IndexMundi (2019). South Korea Religions. Retrieved from IndexMundi: https://www.indexmundi.com/south_korea/religions.html40 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18
Jung, H., Pirog, M. A., & Lee, S. K. (2016). The Long-run Labour Market Effects of Expanding Access to Higher Education in South Korea. Retrieved from Journal of International Development, 28(6), 974–990. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=117201751〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Kim H. Y. (2018). Hagwon Education Combat Arenas. Retrieved from Koreana, 32(2), 6. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=131377894〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim S., & Lee J. H. (2010). Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea. Retrieved from Economic Development & Cultural Change, 58(2), 259–296. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=47790345〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, C.W, & Dembo, M. H. (2000). Social-cognitive factors influencing success on college entrance exams in South Korea. Retrieved from Social Psychology of Education, 4(2), 95–115. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=15605549〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, D. (2002). What Do High School Students and Their Parents Expect from Higher Education? A Case Study of South Korea. Retrieved from Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 24(2), 183–196. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=0633135〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, E. A. (2000). Christianity, Shamanism, and Modernization in South Korea. Retrieved from Cross Currents, 50(1/2), 112. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=3138115〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kong, J. W., & Kim, J. W. (2016). A review of school-based suicide prevention interventions in South Korea, 1995–2015. Retrieved from Children & Youth Services Review, 69, 193–200. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=118102837〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kowen, M.-R., Jang, M., & Lee, N.-K. (2019). Transforming in awareness of relationship problems due to excessive private education in Korea. Retrieved from International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being, 14(1), 1–12. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=140354702〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kurt, Ü (2019). The Relationship Economic Complexity and Education Expenditure: A Empricial Analysis on South Korea. Retrieved from International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2, 73. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/7422/pdf
Kwak, C. W., & Ickovics, J. R. (2019). Adolescent suicide in South Korea: Risk factors and proposed multidimensional solution. Retrieved from Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 150. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=138179608〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Lee, K.-W. (2008). A Study of Solar Eclipse Records during the Three Kingdoms Period in Korea. Retrieved from the Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 29(5), 408–418. http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200835741867618.page
Levent, F., & Gokkaya, Z. (2014). Education Policies Underlying South Korea’s Economic Success. Retrieved from Journal Plus Education / Educatia Plus, 10(1), 275–291: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=96179222〈=es&site=edslive&scope=site
Macrotrends (2020). South Korea Fertility Rate 1950-2020. Retrieved from Macrotrends: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/KOR/south-korea/fertility-rate
Mani D. & Trines S. (2018). Education in South Korea. Retrieved from World Education News and Reviews (WENR). https://wenr.wes.org/2018/10/education-in-south-korea
Ministry of Education (n.d). The Development of Education. Retrieved from the Ministry of Education: http://english.moe.go.kr/sub/info.do?m=020101&s=english
Nishimura, J. (2011). Socioeconomic status and depression across Japan, Korea, and China: Exploring the impact of labor market structures. Retrieved from Social Science & Medicine, 73(4), 604–614. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0277953611003765〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Nuffic (2016). Educational System in South Korea compared to Dutch system. Retrieved from Nuffic: https://www.nuffic.nl/documents/491/education-system-south-korea.pdf
OECD (2016). Education Policy Korea - OECD. Retrieved from OECD: http://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf
OECD (2017). Suicide rate Korea OECD. Retrieved from OECD: https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/suiciderates.htm
OECD (2019). Education investment in the Republic of Korea. Retrieved from OECD: https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2019_CN_KOR.pdf41 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18
OECD (2019). Unemployment youth rate Korea 2019. Retrieved from OECD: https://data.oecd.org/unemp/youth-unemployment-rate.htm
Park, S. K., Lee, C. K., & Kim, H. (2018). Suicide mortality and marital status for specific ages, genders, and education levels in South Korea: Using a virtually individualized dataset from national aggregate data. Retrieved from the Journal of Affective Disorders, 237, 87–93: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S016503271731649X〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Park, S., & Jang, H. (2018). Correlations between suicide rates and the prevalence of suicide risk factors among Korean adolescents. Retrieved from Psychiatry Research, 261, 143–147. https://wwwsciencedirect-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0165178117309848
Poh Lin Tan, S., Morgan, P. & Zagheni, E. (2016). A Case for “Reverse One-Child” Policies in Japan and South Korea? Examining the Link Between Education Costs and Lowest-Low Fertility. Retrieved from Population Research and Policy Review, 35(3), 327: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.26158846〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 1: Korean Education until 1945. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 9–33). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178831〈=es&site=ehost-live
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 5: The Entrance Examination System. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 140–171). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178835〈=es&site=ehost-live
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 7: Education and State Control. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 192–223). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178837〈=es&site=ehost-live
Singh A. (2017, October 31). The “Scourge of South Korea”: Stress and Suicide in Korean Society. Retrieved from Berkeley Political Review: https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2017/10/31/the-scourge-of-south-korea-stressand-suicide-in-korean-society/
Soo K. K. (2018). Depression Status in Korea. Retrieved from Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 4, 141. https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.01
Sorensen, C. W. (1994). Success and education in South Korea. Retrieved from Comparative Education Review, 38(1), 10. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=9406090519〈=es&site=ehost-live
Statista (2015). Population Distribution in South Korea in 2015, by religion. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/996013/south-korea-population-distribution-by-religion/
Studwell J. (2013). How Asia Works: Success and Failure in the World’s Most Dynamic Region. Grove Press, 243-271.
Weaver, C. (1975). Job Preferences of White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers. Retrieved from The Academy of Management Journal, 18(1), 167-175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/255637?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents
Caldentey, E. (2008). The Concept and Evolution of the Developmental State. Retrieved from The International Journal of Political Economy,37(3), 27-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317224?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Chang, S., Hong, J.-P., & Cho, M. (2012). Economic burden of depression in South Korea. Retrieved from Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(5), 683–689. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=74300162〈=es&site=edslive&scope=site
Chang, S.-S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A. C., Lu, T.-H., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2009). Was the economic crisis 1997–1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time–trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Retrieved from Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1322–1331. https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0277953609000100
Choe, M. & Retherford, R. (2009). The Contribution of Education to South Korea’s Fertility Decline to “Lowest-Low” Level. Retrieved from Asian Population Studies, 5(3), 267–288. https://www-tandfonlinecom.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/doi/pdf/10.1080/17441730903351503?needAccess=true
Choi, H. (2013). Does Hagwon Curfew Work?. Retrieved from Lundi University. http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4016661&fileOId=4016666
Duncan J. B (2015). Confucianismo y sociedad en el Este de Asia: El caso de Corea. Retrieved from Catedras Internacionales. http://www.catedrasinternacionales.ucr.ac.cr/chakana/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/John-Duncan.pdf
Fleckenstein, T., & Lee, S. C. (2019). The political economy of education and skills in South Korea: democratisation, liberalisation and education reform in comparative perspective. Retrieved from Pacific Review, 32(2), 168: https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/doi/full/10.1080/09512748.2018.1443155
Gajaawera N. (2016, February 11). Traditional and Innovative – How Korean Buddhism Stays Relevant. Retrieved from USC University of Southern California: https://crcc.usc.edu/traditional-and-innovative-howkorean-buddhism-stays-relevant/
Harvard (2016, March 7). From the Mountains into the Cities: The Transformation of Buddhism in Modern Korea. Retrieved from Harvard: https://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/3/7/mountains-citiestransformation-buddhism-modern-korea
Hultberg P., Calonge D. S., & Kim S-H. (2017). Education policy in South Korea: A contemporary model of human capital accumulation?. Retrieved from Cogent Economics & Finance, 1. https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23322039.2017.1389804.pdf
IndexMundi (2019). South Korea Religions. Retrieved from IndexMundi: https://www.indexmundi.com/south_korea/religions.html40 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18
Jung, H., Pirog, M. A., & Lee, S. K. (2016). The Long-run Labour Market Effects of Expanding Access to Higher Education in South Korea. Retrieved from Journal of International Development, 28(6), 974–990. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=117201751〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Kim H. Y. (2018). Hagwon Education Combat Arenas. Retrieved from Koreana, 32(2), 6. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=131377894〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim S., & Lee J. H. (2010). Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea. Retrieved from Economic Development & Cultural Change, 58(2), 259–296. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=47790345〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, C.W, & Dembo, M. H. (2000). Social-cognitive factors influencing success on college entrance exams in South Korea. Retrieved from Social Psychology of Education, 4(2), 95–115. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=15605549〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, D. (2002). What Do High School Students and Their Parents Expect from Higher Education? A Case Study of South Korea. Retrieved from Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 24(2), 183–196. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=0633135〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kim, E. A. (2000). Christianity, Shamanism, and Modernization in South Korea. Retrieved from Cross Currents, 50(1/2), 112. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=3138115〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kong, J. W., & Kim, J. W. (2016). A review of school-based suicide prevention interventions in South Korea, 1995–2015. Retrieved from Children & Youth Services Review, 69, 193–200. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=118102837〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kowen, M.-R., Jang, M., & Lee, N.-K. (2019). Transforming in awareness of relationship problems due to excessive private education in Korea. Retrieved from International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being, 14(1), 1–12. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=140354702〈=es&site=ehost-live
Kurt, Ü (2019). The Relationship Economic Complexity and Education Expenditure: A Empricial Analysis on South Korea. Retrieved from International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2, 73. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/7422/pdf
Kwak, C. W., & Ickovics, J. R. (2019). Adolescent suicide in South Korea: Risk factors and proposed multidimensional solution. Retrieved from Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 150. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=138179608〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Lee, K.-W. (2008). A Study of Solar Eclipse Records during the Three Kingdoms Period in Korea. Retrieved from the Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 29(5), 408–418. http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200835741867618.page
Levent, F., & Gokkaya, Z. (2014). Education Policies Underlying South Korea’s Economic Success. Retrieved from Journal Plus Education / Educatia Plus, 10(1), 275–291: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=96179222〈=es&site=edslive&scope=site
Macrotrends (2020). South Korea Fertility Rate 1950-2020. Retrieved from Macrotrends: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/KOR/south-korea/fertility-rate
Mani D. & Trines S. (2018). Education in South Korea. Retrieved from World Education News and Reviews (WENR). https://wenr.wes.org/2018/10/education-in-south-korea
Ministry of Education (n.d). The Development of Education. Retrieved from the Ministry of Education: http://english.moe.go.kr/sub/info.do?m=020101&s=english
Nishimura, J. (2011). Socioeconomic status and depression across Japan, Korea, and China: Exploring the impact of labor market structures. Retrieved from Social Science & Medicine, 73(4), 604–614. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0277953611003765〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Nuffic (2016). Educational System in South Korea compared to Dutch system. Retrieved from Nuffic: https://www.nuffic.nl/documents/491/education-system-south-korea.pdf
OECD (2016). Education Policy Korea - OECD. Retrieved from OECD: http://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf
OECD (2017). Suicide rate Korea OECD. Retrieved from OECD: https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/suiciderates.htm
OECD (2019). Education investment in the Republic of Korea. Retrieved from OECD: https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/EAG2019_CN_KOR.pdf41 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18
OECD (2019). Unemployment youth rate Korea 2019. Retrieved from OECD: https://data.oecd.org/unemp/youth-unemployment-rate.htm
Park, S. K., Lee, C. K., & Kim, H. (2018). Suicide mortality and marital status for specific ages, genders, and education levels in South Korea: Using a virtually individualized dataset from national aggregate data. Retrieved from the Journal of Affective Disorders, 237, 87–93: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S016503271731649X〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Park, S., & Jang, H. (2018). Correlations between suicide rates and the prevalence of suicide risk factors among Korean adolescents. Retrieved from Psychiatry Research, 261, 143–147. https://wwwsciencedirect-com.ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0165178117309848
Poh Lin Tan, S., Morgan, P. & Zagheni, E. (2016). A Case for “Reverse One-Child” Policies in Japan and South Korea? Examining the Link Between Education Costs and Lowest-Low Fertility. Retrieved from Population Research and Policy Review, 35(3), 327: http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.26158846〈=es&site=eds-live&scope=site
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 1: Korean Education until 1945. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 9–33). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178831〈=es&site=ehost-live
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 5: The Entrance Examination System. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 140–171). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178835〈=es&site=ehost-live
Seth, M. J. (2002). Chapter 7: Education and State Control. In Education Fever: Society, Politics, & the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (pp. 192–223). Retrieved from University of Hawai’i. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=31178837〈=es&site=ehost-live
Singh A. (2017, October 31). The “Scourge of South Korea”: Stress and Suicide in Korean Society. Retrieved from Berkeley Political Review: https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2017/10/31/the-scourge-of-south-korea-stressand-suicide-in-korean-society/
Soo K. K. (2018). Depression Status in Korea. Retrieved from Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 4, 141. https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.01
Sorensen, C. W. (1994). Success and education in South Korea. Retrieved from Comparative Education Review, 38(1), 10. http://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=9406090519〈=es&site=ehost-live
Statista (2015). Population Distribution in South Korea in 2015, by religion. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/996013/south-korea-population-distribution-by-religion/
Studwell J. (2013). How Asia Works: Success and Failure in the World’s Most Dynamic Region. Grove Press, 243-271.
Weaver, C. (1975). Job Preferences of White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers. Retrieved from The Academy of Management Journal, 18(1), 167-175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/255637?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents
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Jul 30, 2021
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Henao Ruiz, E. (2021). Post-Industrial Challenges In Modern South Korea: Educational Pressures And Their Impact On Young People. Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacifico, 10(18), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.17230/map.v10.i18.02
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