Incentivos fiscales y expansión de las inversiones: la industria del turismo en Zimbabue
Main Article Content
Keywords
Inversión turística, incentivos fiscales, crecimiento económico, turismo
Resumen
Este trabajo investiga los efectos de los incentivos fiscales sobre el crecimiento de las inversiones en el sector del turismo en los países menos desarrollados, utilizando Zimbabue como estudio de caso. El estudio fue motivado por la constatación de que muchos países subdesarrollados utilizan incentivos fiscales como medio de atraer a los inversores en sus países, sin embargo todavía existe una carencia general de análisis para determinar si este tipo de incentivos fiscales tienen algún impacto en el crecimiento social y del capital. El estudio empleó entreviste en persona y por teléfono con los principales interesados del sector turístico, los cuales fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo estratificado y métodos aleatorios. También se utilizaron cuestionarios distribuidos en persona, por correo postal y por correo electrónico en situaciones en las entrevistas no eran factibles. Los datos secundarios se utilizaron como fundamento para el análisis detallado. En el documento se establece que la mayoría de los responsables políticos sí utilizan incentivos fiscales para atraer a los inversores en la industria del turismo, pero estas políticas no son seguidas por otras políticas de apoyo en otras áreas de la economía que ayuden a impulsar la inversión en el sector turístico. Otros factores como la corrupción, la transparencia en las políticas gubernamentales, la duración y el costo de iniciar un negocio en el país, entre otros, son diferentes factores importantes que deben ser tomados en consideración. Entre otras recomendaciones se encuentra la necesidad de una estabilidad política, una política coherente y de apoyo, la interferencia limitada del gobierno en la industria, la descentralización y la apertura de los centros locales y extranjeros de promoción turística, la aplicación de tipos impositivos bajos en todos los sectores y la creación general de un entorno favorable para la efectividad de los incentivos fiscales.
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Referencias
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Clark, S., Cebreiro, A. & Bohmer, A (2007). Tax Incentives for Investment- A Global Perspective, OECD Working paper, USA.
Corthay L. & Loeprick J. (2010). Taxing Tourism in Developing Countries: Principles for improving the investment climate through simple, fair, and transparent taxation. Investment Climate in practice (1), 1-8. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/10485
Cummins, J., Hasset, A. and Hubbard, G. (1996). Tax Reforms and Investment: A Cross Country Comparison. Journal of Public Economics, 62(1-2), 237-273. DOI: 10.1016/0047-2727(96)01580-0
Davidson, H.W. (1980) The Location of Foreign Direct Investment Activity: Economic Growth: The Case of Ghana. Studies in Economics and Finance, 25(2), 112-130.
Fisher, P., & Alan, H. (1998). Industrial Incentives: Competition Among American States and Cities. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/9780585308401.
Friedman, J., Gerlowski, D., & Silberman, J. (1992), What Attracts Foreign Multinational Corporations? Evidence from Branch Plant Location in the United States. Journal of Regional Science, 32(4), 403-418. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1992.tb00197.x
Fuest,C.,Huber, B. & Mintz, J. (2005). Capital Mobility and Tax Competition. Foundation and Trends in Microeconomics, 1(1), 1-65.
Goolsbee A. (1997). Investment Tax Incentives, Prices, and the Supply of Capital Goods. NBER Working Papers 6192, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Hall, R. & Jorgenson, D. (1967). Tax Policy and Investment Behavior. American Economic Review, 57, 391-414.
Harvey S. & Gayer, T. (2010). Public Finance. 9th Edition, McGraw Hill, Singapore.
Head, K., J. Ries & Swenson, D. (1999). Attracting Foreign Manufacturing: Investment Promotion and Agglomeration. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(2), 197-218. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-0462(98)00029-5
Heritage Foundation (2012). Index of Economic Freedom Data: www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2012/book/index_2012.pdf
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James S (2009). Incentives and Investments: Evidence and Policy Implications; Multilateral Investment Agency, World Bank.
Jorgenson, D. (1963). Capital Theory and Investment Behaviour. The American Eco Review, 53(2), 245-259.
Klemm, A. (2009). Causes, Behaviours and Risks of Business Tax Incentives, IMF Working Paper, 21, 1-28.
Kransdoff, M. (2010). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(1), 68-84. Retrieved from: http://www.consiliencejournal.org/index.php/consilience/article/viewFile/107/26
Machipisa, L. (2001). Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism. BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1220218.stm/
Malaysia Incentives - Tourism Sector: http://malaysiabusiness.webs.com/tourism.htm
Mauganidze (2010). Zimbabwe announces incentives for tourism investors. Zimbabwe Daily News. Retrieved from: http://www.zimbabwesituation.org/?p=21870
Mohnen, P. (1999). Tax Incentives: Issues and Evidence. Scientific Series, 32. 1-24.
Morisset, J. & Pirnia, N. (2001). How Tax policy and Incentives affect Foreign Direct Investments: A Review. Occasional Paper 15, FIAS, Washington D.C., USA.
Morriset, J. (2003). Tax Incentives, Public policy for private sector, Vol. 253.
Munyeza Shingi (2009). Reviewing Zimbabwe’s Tourism Industry: Opportunities for Private Investors.
Ngowi, H. (2000). Tax Incentives for F.D.I.: Types and who should/ should not qualify in Tanzania, The Tanzanet Journal, 1(1), 100-116.
Nsiku N. & Kiratu S. (2009). Sustainable Development Impacts of Investment Incentives: A Case Study of Malawi’s Tourism Sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/sd_inv_impacts_malawi.pdf
Panagiota, B. (2009). The effect of Tax incentives and Investment- Decisions of Transnational Enterprises, MIT Press, 3-19.
PKF International Tax Committee (2013). Zimbabwe Tax Guide 2013 pp. 541-547. Retrieved from: http://www.pkf.com/media/1956673/worldwide%20pkf%20tax%20guide%202013.pdf
Riley, G. (2008). Capital Investment and Spending, International Economy. Elton College.
Sacks A. (2012). The Outlook for the Global Economy and Caribbean Tourism. Oxford Economics. Retrieved from: https://www.caribbeanhotelandtourism.com/events-chtic/downloads/2013/Presentation_Adam-Sacks-Tourism-Economics.pdf
Smith, F. (2003). Conducting your Pharmacy practice Research project. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
The Indian Express (2009). Selja seeks tax incentives for tourism sector. Retrieved from: http://www.indianexpress.com/news/selja-seeks-tax-incentives-for-tourism-ssector/481699/
Transparency International (2013). Corruption perceptions index 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/cpi2013/results
United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) (2000). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment. Geneva: ASIT Advisory Studies No. 16 A Global
Survey.
United Nations World Tourism Organisation (2013). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2013 Edition. Retrieved from: www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284415427
USAID (2013). USAID Strategic Economic Research and Analysis – Zimbabwe (SERA) Program. Positioning the Zimbabwe Tourism Sector for Growth: Issues And Challenges. Retrieved from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00J7ZV.pdf
Van Parys, S & James, S. (2010). The Effectiveness of Tax Incentives in Attracting FDI: Evidence from the Tourism Sector in the Caribbean. Universiteit Gent: Working
Paper; September 2010. Retrieved from: http://wps-feb.ugent.be/Papers/wp_10_675.pdf
Veugelers, R. (1998). Technological collaboration: an assessment of theoretical and empirical findings. De Economist, 146(3). pp. 419-443. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003243727470
Wasylenko, M. (1997). Taxation and economic development: the state of the economic literature. New England Economic Review, issue pp. 37-52. Retrieved from: http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ecn
Whitman G. (1975). Making the Best Use of Investment Incentives. Managerial Finance, 1(3), pp. 198 - 208. DOI: 10.1108/eb013362
World Bank Country Data (2013). World Development Indicators 2013.
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2013). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013). Retrieved from: www.weforum.org/reports/travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2013
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2015). World Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report (2015). Retrieved from: www.weforum.org/reports/travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2015
Zee, H., Stotsky, J., Ley, E. (2002). Tax Incentives for Business Investment: A Primer for Policy Makers in Developing Countries. World Development, 30(9), 1497-1516. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00050-5
Zimbabwe Investment Authority (n.d.). Doing Business in Zimbabwe – Tourism. Retrieved from: http://www.investzim.com/attachments/article/319/Tourism.pdf
Zimbabwe Act (2006). Zimbabwe Investment Authority Act (Chpt 14:30). Retrieved from: http://www.archive.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/ziminvest_auth_act_060908.doc
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (n.d.). Trends & Statistics Report 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/images/Downloads/zimbabwe-tourism-trends-and-statistics/tourism-trends-and-statistics-2013-annual-report.pdf
Bergsman, J. (1999). Advice on Taxation and Tax Incentives for Foreign Direct Investment. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Foreign Investment Advisory Service.
Boehlje M. & Ehmke C., (1998) Capital Investment Analysis and Project Assessment. Agriculture Innovation and Commercialization Centre, 1-11. Retrieved from: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ec/ec-731.pdf
Boura Panagiota (nd) The Effect of Tax Incentives on Investment - Decisions of Transnational Enterprises (TNEs) in an Integrated World: A Literature Review
Brown, I. (2012). Tourism Industry Backs Tax Stand: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Tourism-industry-backs-tax-stand_11080916
Brown, I. (2012). Tourism industry backs tax stand. Jamaica Observer. Retrieved from: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Tourism-industry-backs-tax-stand_11080916
Buss, F. (2001). The effect of State Tax Incentives on Economic Growth and Firm Location Decisions. Economic Development Quarterly, 15(1), 90-105. DOI: 10.1177/089124240101500108
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Fact-Book (2012). Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2012/
Clark, P. (1979). Investment in the 1970s: Theory, Performance, and Prediction. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 10(1), 73-124. Retrieved from: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/projects/bpea/1979-1/1979a_bpea_clark_greenspan_goldfeld_clark.pdf
Clark, S., Cebreiro, A. & Bohmer, A (2007). Tax Incentives for Investment- A Global Perspective, OECD Working paper, USA.
Corthay L. & Loeprick J. (2010). Taxing Tourism in Developing Countries: Principles for improving the investment climate through simple, fair, and transparent taxation. Investment Climate in practice (1), 1-8. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/10485
Cummins, J., Hasset, A. and Hubbard, G. (1996). Tax Reforms and Investment: A Cross Country Comparison. Journal of Public Economics, 62(1-2), 237-273. DOI: 10.1016/0047-2727(96)01580-0
Davidson, H.W. (1980) The Location of Foreign Direct Investment Activity: Economic Growth: The Case of Ghana. Studies in Economics and Finance, 25(2), 112-130.
Fisher, P., & Alan, H. (1998). Industrial Incentives: Competition Among American States and Cities. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/9780585308401.
Friedman, J., Gerlowski, D., & Silberman, J. (1992), What Attracts Foreign Multinational Corporations? Evidence from Branch Plant Location in the United States. Journal of Regional Science, 32(4), 403-418. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1992.tb00197.x
Fuest,C.,Huber, B. & Mintz, J. (2005). Capital Mobility and Tax Competition. Foundation and Trends in Microeconomics, 1(1), 1-65.
Goolsbee A. (1997). Investment Tax Incentives, Prices, and the Supply of Capital Goods. NBER Working Papers 6192, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Hall, R. & Jorgenson, D. (1967). Tax Policy and Investment Behavior. American Economic Review, 57, 391-414.
Harvey S. & Gayer, T. (2010). Public Finance. 9th Edition, McGraw Hill, Singapore.
Head, K., J. Ries & Swenson, D. (1999). Attracting Foreign Manufacturing: Investment Promotion and Agglomeration. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(2), 197-218. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-0462(98)00029-5
Heritage Foundation (2012). Index of Economic Freedom Data: www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2012/book/index_2012.pdf
Indiginisation and Economic Empowerment Act 2007: http://archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/legisl/080307ieeact.asp?orgcode=par001&year=0&range_start=1
James S (2009). Incentives and Investments: Evidence and Policy Implications; Multilateral Investment Agency, World Bank.
Jorgenson, D. (1963). Capital Theory and Investment Behaviour. The American Eco Review, 53(2), 245-259.
Klemm, A. (2009). Causes, Behaviours and Risks of Business Tax Incentives, IMF Working Paper, 21, 1-28.
Kransdoff, M. (2010). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(1), 68-84. Retrieved from: http://www.consiliencejournal.org/index.php/consilience/article/viewFile/107/26
Machipisa, L. (2001). Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism. BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1220218.stm/
Malaysia Incentives - Tourism Sector: http://malaysiabusiness.webs.com/tourism.htm
Mauganidze (2010). Zimbabwe announces incentives for tourism investors. Zimbabwe Daily News. Retrieved from: http://www.zimbabwesituation.org/?p=21870
Mohnen, P. (1999). Tax Incentives: Issues and Evidence. Scientific Series, 32. 1-24.
Morisset, J. & Pirnia, N. (2001). How Tax policy and Incentives affect Foreign Direct Investments: A Review. Occasional Paper 15, FIAS, Washington D.C., USA.
Morriset, J. (2003). Tax Incentives, Public policy for private sector, Vol. 253.
Munyeza Shingi (2009). Reviewing Zimbabwe’s Tourism Industry: Opportunities for Private Investors.
Ngowi, H. (2000). Tax Incentives for F.D.I.: Types and who should/ should not qualify in Tanzania, The Tanzanet Journal, 1(1), 100-116.
Nsiku N. & Kiratu S. (2009). Sustainable Development Impacts of Investment Incentives: A Case Study of Malawi’s Tourism Sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/sd_inv_impacts_malawi.pdf
Panagiota, B. (2009). The effect of Tax incentives and Investment- Decisions of Transnational Enterprises, MIT Press, 3-19.
PKF International Tax Committee (2013). Zimbabwe Tax Guide 2013 pp. 541-547. Retrieved from: http://www.pkf.com/media/1956673/worldwide%20pkf%20tax%20guide%202013.pdf
Riley, G. (2008). Capital Investment and Spending, International Economy. Elton College.
Sacks A. (2012). The Outlook for the Global Economy and Caribbean Tourism. Oxford Economics. Retrieved from: https://www.caribbeanhotelandtourism.com/events-chtic/downloads/2013/Presentation_Adam-Sacks-Tourism-Economics.pdf
Smith, F. (2003). Conducting your Pharmacy practice Research project. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
The Indian Express (2009). Selja seeks tax incentives for tourism sector. Retrieved from: http://www.indianexpress.com/news/selja-seeks-tax-incentives-for-tourism-ssector/481699/
Transparency International (2013). Corruption perceptions index 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/cpi2013/results
United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) (2000). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment. Geneva: ASIT Advisory Studies No. 16 A Global
Survey.
United Nations World Tourism Organisation (2013). UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2013 Edition. Retrieved from: www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284415427
USAID (2013). USAID Strategic Economic Research and Analysis – Zimbabwe (SERA) Program. Positioning the Zimbabwe Tourism Sector for Growth: Issues And Challenges. Retrieved from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00J7ZV.pdf
Van Parys, S & James, S. (2010). The Effectiveness of Tax Incentives in Attracting FDI: Evidence from the Tourism Sector in the Caribbean. Universiteit Gent: Working
Paper; September 2010. Retrieved from: http://wps-feb.ugent.be/Papers/wp_10_675.pdf
Veugelers, R. (1998). Technological collaboration: an assessment of theoretical and empirical findings. De Economist, 146(3). pp. 419-443. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003243727470
Wasylenko, M. (1997). Taxation and economic development: the state of the economic literature. New England Economic Review, issue pp. 37-52. Retrieved from: http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ecn
Whitman G. (1975). Making the Best Use of Investment Incentives. Managerial Finance, 1(3), pp. 198 - 208. DOI: 10.1108/eb013362
World Bank Country Data (2013). World Development Indicators 2013.
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2013). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013). Retrieved from: www.weforum.org/reports/travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2013
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2015). World Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report (2015). Retrieved from: www.weforum.org/reports/travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2015
Zee, H., Stotsky, J., Ley, E. (2002). Tax Incentives for Business Investment: A Primer for Policy Makers in Developing Countries. World Development, 30(9), 1497-1516. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00050-5
Zimbabwe Investment Authority (n.d.). Doing Business in Zimbabwe – Tourism. Retrieved from: http://www.investzim.com/attachments/article/319/Tourism.pdf
Zimbabwe Act (2006). Zimbabwe Investment Authority Act (Chpt 14:30). Retrieved from: http://www.archive.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/ziminvest_auth_act_060908.doc
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (n.d.). Trends & Statistics Report 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/images/Downloads/zimbabwe-tourism-trends-and-statistics/tourism-trends-and-statistics-2013-annual-report.pdf
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nov 30, 2015
Article Details
Cómo citar
Munyanyi, W., & Chiromba, C. (2015). Incentivos fiscales y expansión de las inversiones: la industria del turismo en Zimbabue. AD-Minister, (27), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.27.2
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Sección
Artículos de investigación
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Biografía del autor/a
Watson Munyanyi, Great Zimbabwe University
Lecturer
Department of Banking & Finance
Great Zimbabwe University
Campion Chiromba, Great Zimbabwe university
Lecturer
Department of Banking & Finance
Great Zimbabwe University
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