Emprendimiento mediático: una definición consensuada
Main Article Content
Keywords
Emprendimiento mediático, gestión mediática, creación de empresas, empresa mediática, método Del- phi, definición consensuada, consenso.
Resumen
El emprendimiento mediático ha sido un concepto ambiguo, confuso y controversial y a pesar de los crecientes esfuerzos académicos de la última década, sigue siendo una materia de estudio no muy bien definida. Este artículo es un esfuerzo por llenar esta brecha al proveer una definición amplia sobre el emprendimiento mediático. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura y se ponen el em- prendimiento, los medios de comunicación, las oportunidades y la innovación como elementos básicos de la explicación del emprendimiento mediático. Luego, utilizando un método bibliográfico combinado y un método Delphi con un proceso de análisis de múltiples etapas, se propone una definición consen- suada del emprendimiento mediático. Esta definición integra algunas de las principales características del naciente entorno mediático tales como la distinción entre “contenido” y “plataforma”, “valor entre- gado”, “desarrollo de oportunidad”, “beneficio no monetario”, etc. Se espera que los hallazgos de esta investigación allanen el camino para futuros investigadores en el campo del emprendimiento mediático.
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Referencias
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Capra, R., Battaglia, M. A., Gaudioso, A., Lopes, L., Paolicelli, D., Paoloni, M., ... & Trojano, M. (2014). The MoSt Project––More Steps in multiple sclerosis: A Delphi method consensus initiative for the evaluation of mobility management of MS patients in Italy. Journal of neurology, 261(3), 526-532.
Chua, A., Deans, K., & Parker, C. (2009). Exploring the types of SMEs which could use blogs as a marketing tool: a proposed future research agenda. Australiasian journal of information systems, 16(1), 117-136.
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Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 12(10), 1-8.
Keyhani, M. (2016). Computer Simulation Studies of the Entrepreneurial Market Process. In Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research (pp. 117-137). Springer International Publishing.
Khajeheian, D., & Roshandel Arbatani, T. (2011). Remediation of Media Markets toward Media Entrepreneurship, how recession reconstructed media industry. In European Media Management Association Conference 2011.
Khajeheian, D. (2013). New Venture Creation in Social Media Platform; Towards a Framework for Media Entrepreneurship. In Handbook of Social Media Management (pp. 125-142). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Khajeheian, D. (2014), A Perspective on Media Entrepreneurship Policy: Globalization of Knowledge and Opportunities for Developing Economies. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 174-187.
Khajeheian, D. & Tadayoni, R. (2016). User innovation in public service broadcasts: creating public value by media entrepreneurship. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commencialisation, 14(2), 117-131.
Khajeheian, D. (2016). Audience Commodification: A Source of Innovation in Business Models. Technology Innovation Management Review, 6(8), 40-47.
Kuckertz, A., & Mandl, C. (2016). Capturing the Complexity and Ambiguity of Academic Fields: Determining Consensual Definitions for Small Business Research, Entrepreneurship and Their Shared Interface. In Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research (pp. 417-438). Springer International Publishing.
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and development. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 72-83.
Lohuis, A. M., van Vuuren, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Context-specific definitions of organizational concepts: Defining ‘team effectiveness’ with use of the Delphi Technique. Journal of Management & Organization, 19(6), 706-720.
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Lowe, G. F. (2016). Introduction: What’s So Special About Media Management?. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 1-20). Springer International Publishing.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Lichtenstein, B. B. (2005). The role of organizational learning in the opportunity‐recognition process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 451-472.
Lund, A. B. (2016). A Stakeholder Approach to Media Governance. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 103-120). Springer International Publishing.
Medina, M., Sánchez-Tabernero, A., & Arrese, Á. (2016). Contents as Products in Media Markets. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 243-259). Springer International Publishing.
Napoli, P. M. (2016). The Audience as Product, Consumer, and Producer in the Contemporary Media Marketplace. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 261-275). Springer International Publishing.
Omer Attali, M., & Yemini, M. (2016). Initiating consensus: stakeholders define entrepreneurship in education. Educational Review, 1-18.
Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of business venturing, 22(2), 174-192.
Parker, C., & Castleman, T. (2007). New directions for research on SME-eBusiness: insights from an analysis of journal articles from 2003-2006. Journal of information systems and small business, 1(1), 21-40.
Picard, R. G. (2004) A Typology of Risk in Family Media Enterprises, Journal of Media Business Studies, 1(1), 71-83.
Rae, D. (2002). Entrepreneurial emergence: A narrative study of entrepreneurial learning in independently owned media businesses. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(1), 53-59.
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Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. D. (2010). Do openness to experience and recognizing opportunities have the same genetic source? Human Resource Management, 49(2), 291-303.
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Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entreprenership as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
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Vaghely, I. P., & Julien, P. A. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 73-86.
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3(1), 119-138.
Vivarelli, M. (2013). Is entrepreneurship necessarily good? Microeconomic evidence from developed and developing countries. Industrial and Corporate Change 22(6): 1453–1495.
von Rimscha, M. B. (2016). Business Models of Media Industries: Describing and Promoting Commodification. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 207-222). Springer International Publishing.
Vos, T. P. & Singer, J. B. (2016) Media Discourse About Entrepreneurial Journalism, Journalism Practice, 10(2), 143-159.
Wielicki, T & Arendt, L. (2010). A knowledge-driven shift in perception of ICT implementation barriers: Comparative study of US and European SMEs. Journal of Information Science, 36, 162-174.
Will, A., Brüntje, D., & Gossel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial Venturing and Media Management. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 189-206). Springer International Publishing.
Wu, B., & Knott, A. M. (2006). Entrepreneurial risk and market entry. Management science, 52(9), 1315-1330.
Zahra, S. A., Wright, M., & Abdelgawad, S. G. (2014). Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal, 32(5), 479-500.
Achtenhagen, L., & Welter, F. (2003). Female entrepreneurship in Germany: Context, development and its reflection in German media. New perspectives on women entrepreneurs, 71-100.
Anderson, A. R., & Starnawska, M. (2008). Research practices in entrepreneurship Problems of definition, description and meaning. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 9(4), 221-230.
Backman, J. (1983). Entrepreneurship and the outlook for America, Free Press, New York.
Baumol, W. J. (2002). The free-market innovation machine: Analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bernhard, I. & Karlsson, C. (2014). Editorial, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 21(3), 269-274.
Birch, D. L. (1987). Job Creation in America: How our smallest companies put the most people to work. Free Press, New York.
Carland, J.A., Carland, J.W., & Stewart, W.H. (1996). Seeing what's not there: The enigma of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy 7(1), 1-20.
Capra, R., Battaglia, M. A., Gaudioso, A., Lopes, L., Paolicelli, D., Paoloni, M., ... & Trojano, M. (2014). The MoSt Project––More Steps in multiple sclerosis: A Delphi method consensus initiative for the evaluation of mobility management of MS patients in Italy. Journal of neurology, 261(3), 526-532.
Chua, A., Deans, K., & Parker, C. (2009). Exploring the types of SMEs which could use blogs as a marketing tool: a proposed future research agenda. Australiasian journal of information systems, 16(1), 117-136.
Dana, L. P. (1995). Entrepreneurship in a remote sub-Arctic community. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20, 57-72.
Dana, L. P., & Dana, T. E. (2005). Expanding the scope of methodologies used in entrepreneurship research. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2(1), 79-88.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 323-339.
Dennis, E. E., Warley, S., & Sheridan, J. (2006). Doing digital: An assessment of the top 25 US media companies and their digital strategies. Journal of Media Business Studies, 3(1), 33-51.
Derham, R., Cragg, P., & Morrish, S. (2011). Creating Value: An SME and Social Media. In PACIS (paper 53).
Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship practice and principles. Harper and Row. New York.
Dubini, P. & Provera, B. (2008) Chart Success and Innovation in the Music Industry: Does Organizational Form Matter?, Journal of Media Business Studies, 5(1), 41-65.
Dyerson, R., Harindranath, G. and Barnes, D. (2009) National Survey of SMEs’ Use of IT in Four Sectors. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation.12 (1) 39-50.
Emami, A. (2017), Gender risk preference in entrepreneurial opportunity: evidence from Iran. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 30(2): 147–169.
Emami, A., & Dimov, D. (2016). Degree of innovation and the entrepreneurs’ intention to create value: a comparative study of experienced and novice entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 1-22.
Filion, L. J. (2004). Operators and visionaries: differences in the entrepreneurial and managerial systems of two types of entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(1-2), 35-55.
Foss, N.J. and Klein, P.G. (2012) Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, New York.
Fuduric, N. (2008). The Sources of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Perspectives on Individuals and Institutions. Aalborg University Publication series, 7.
Fuerst, S. (2010). Global value chains and local cluster development: a perspective on domestic small enterprises in the 3D-animation industry in Colombia. AD-minister, (16), 83-98.
Geho, P., Smith, S., & Lewis, S. D. (2010). Is Twitter a viable commercial use platform for small businesses? An empirical study targeting two audiences in the small business community. The Entrepreneurial Executive, 15, 73-85.
Hang, M., & Van Weezel, A. (2005). Media and entrepreneurship: A survey of the literature relating both concepts. In 18th Scandinavian Academy of Management Meeting, Aarhus School of Business.
Hang, M. & van Weezel, A. (2007) Media and Entrepreneurship: What Do We Know and Where Should We Go?, Journal of Media Business Studies, 4(1), 51-70.
Hang, M. (2016). Media Corporate Entrepreneurship. Springer Publications.
Harris, L., & Rae, A. (2009). Social networks: the future of marketing for small business. Journal of business strategy, 30(5), 24-31.
Hoag, A. (2008). Measuring Media Entrepreneurship 1. The International Journal on Media Management, 10(2), 74-80.
Hoag, A., and Compaine.B. (2006). Media Entrepreneurship in the Era of Big Media: Prospects for New Entrants. In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.
Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Hisrich, R. D., & Ramadani, V. (2017). Effective Entrepreneurial Management. Springer International Publishing.
Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 12(10), 1-8.
Keyhani, M. (2016). Computer Simulation Studies of the Entrepreneurial Market Process. In Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research (pp. 117-137). Springer International Publishing.
Khajeheian, D., & Roshandel Arbatani, T. (2011). Remediation of Media Markets toward Media Entrepreneurship, how recession reconstructed media industry. In European Media Management Association Conference 2011.
Khajeheian, D. (2013). New Venture Creation in Social Media Platform; Towards a Framework for Media Entrepreneurship. In Handbook of Social Media Management (pp. 125-142). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Khajeheian, D. (2014), A Perspective on Media Entrepreneurship Policy: Globalization of Knowledge and Opportunities for Developing Economies. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 174-187.
Khajeheian, D. & Tadayoni, R. (2016). User innovation in public service broadcasts: creating public value by media entrepreneurship. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commencialisation, 14(2), 117-131.
Khajeheian, D. (2016). Audience Commodification: A Source of Innovation in Business Models. Technology Innovation Management Review, 6(8), 40-47.
Kuckertz, A., & Mandl, C. (2016). Capturing the Complexity and Ambiguity of Academic Fields: Determining Consensual Definitions for Small Business Research, Entrepreneurship and Their Shared Interface. In Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research (pp. 417-438). Springer International Publishing.
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and development. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 72-83.
Lohuis, A. M., van Vuuren, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Context-specific definitions of organizational concepts: Defining ‘team effectiveness’ with use of the Delphi Technique. Journal of Management & Organization, 19(6), 706-720.
Loucks, K. (1988) in Peterson, R., Peterson, M.A. and Tieken, N.B., Encouraging Entrepreneurship Internationally, Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, 13, 14.
Lowe, G. F. (2016). Introduction: What’s So Special About Media Management?. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 1-20). Springer International Publishing.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Lichtenstein, B. B. (2005). The role of organizational learning in the opportunity‐recognition process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 451-472.
Lund, A. B. (2016). A Stakeholder Approach to Media Governance. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 103-120). Springer International Publishing.
Medina, M., Sánchez-Tabernero, A., & Arrese, Á. (2016). Contents as Products in Media Markets. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 243-259). Springer International Publishing.
Napoli, P. M. (2016). The Audience as Product, Consumer, and Producer in the Contemporary Media Marketplace. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 261-275). Springer International Publishing.
Omer Attali, M., & Yemini, M. (2016). Initiating consensus: stakeholders define entrepreneurship in education. Educational Review, 1-18.
Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of business venturing, 22(2), 174-192.
Parker, C., & Castleman, T. (2007). New directions for research on SME-eBusiness: insights from an analysis of journal articles from 2003-2006. Journal of information systems and small business, 1(1), 21-40.
Picard, R. G. (2004) A Typology of Risk in Family Media Enterprises, Journal of Media Business Studies, 1(1), 71-83.
Rae, D. (2002). Entrepreneurial emergence: A narrative study of entrepreneurial learning in independently owned media businesses. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(1), 53-59.
Reca, A. A. (2006). Issues in Media Product. Handbook of media management and economics, 181-201.
Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. D. (2010). Do openness to experience and recognizing opportunities have the same genetic source? Human Resource Management, 49(2), 291-303.
Singh, R. P. (2001). A comment on developing the field of entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity recognition and exploitation. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 10-12.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entreprenership as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
.
Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (2007). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 155-170). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Tuomola, A. (2004) Disintermediation and Reintermediation of the Sound Recording Value Chain: Two Case Studies, Journal of Media Business Studies, 1(1), 27-46.
Turow, J. (2011). Media today: An introduction to mass communication. Routledge. 4th Edition.
Vaghely, I. P., & Julien, P. A. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 73-86.
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3(1), 119-138.
Vivarelli, M. (2013). Is entrepreneurship necessarily good? Microeconomic evidence from developed and developing countries. Industrial and Corporate Change 22(6): 1453–1495.
von Rimscha, M. B. (2016). Business Models of Media Industries: Describing and Promoting Commodification. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 207-222). Springer International Publishing.
Vos, T. P. & Singer, J. B. (2016) Media Discourse About Entrepreneurial Journalism, Journalism Practice, 10(2), 143-159.
Wielicki, T & Arendt, L. (2010). A knowledge-driven shift in perception of ICT implementation barriers: Comparative study of US and European SMEs. Journal of Information Science, 36, 162-174.
Will, A., Brüntje, D., & Gossel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial Venturing and Media Management. In Managing Media Firms and Industries (pp. 189-206). Springer International Publishing.
Wu, B., & Knott, A. M. (2006). Entrepreneurial risk and market entry. Management science, 52(9), 1315-1330.
Zahra, S. A., Wright, M., & Abdelgawad, S. G. (2014). Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal, 32(5), 479-500.
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feb 28, 2017
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Khajeheian, D. (2017). Emprendimiento mediático: una definición consensuada. AD-Minister, (30), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.30.5
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Biografía del autor/a
Datis Khajeheian, Universidad de Teherán
Assistant Professor in University of Tehran, and a visiting lecturer in the Center for Communication, Media and Information Technologies in Aalborg University of Denmark. He also periodically delivers lectures in Stuttgart Media University of Germany. Datis earned his PhD in Media Management and MA in Entrepreneurship with specialty in New Venture Creation. He is the head of the special interest group of ‘Emerging Media Markets’ in European Media Management Association. Datis is author of many academic articles in media management and entrepreneurship both in Persian and English, and has edited more than 70 academic papers at the time of writing this paper.Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
a. Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo al igual que licenciado bajo una Creative Commons Attribution License que permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
b. Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
c. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).