Pequeñas y medianas empresas en las Américas, Efecto de la Experiencia en Desastres sobre las Capacidades de Preparación
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Keywords
Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre, Experiencia en Desastres, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas, Preparación
Resumen
La reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) es clave para fortalecer los procesos de resiliencia y lograr un desarrollo sostenible. El sector privado es corresponsable de la RRD debido a que puede ser un generador de riesgos y a la vez, estar expuesto a ellos. Ciertos discursos académicos compiten entre sí con respecto a la relación entre la experiencia de desastre de las empresas y la RRD. Este estudio definió y caracterizó diferentes empresas en América, con un interés particular en las pequeñas y medianas empresas, y examinó si la experiencia de desastres puede ser un indicador fiable para predecir la RRD, considerando el tamaño de las empresas. Se realizaron análisis de datos secundarios empleando una encuesta de participación del sector privado en la RRD en seis ciudades del hemisferio occidental (N=1162): Bogotá, Colombia; Kingston, Jamaica; Miami, Estados Unidos; San José, Costa Rica; Santiago, Chile; y Vancouver, Canadá. Los resultados confirmaron que el tamaño de la empresa es importante: las pequeñas empresas mostraron niveles más bajos de RRD en comparación con las medianas y grandes empresas. El haber experimentado un desastre (es decir, la interrupción de la cadena de suministro, la pérdida de las telecomunicaciones, la interrupción del suministro eléctrico y el daño a las instalaciones) predijo la reducción del riesgo de desastres. Los hallazgos subrayan la importancia de fomentar, asesorar y financiar a las pequeñas y medianas empresas para desarrollar de manera proactiva, capacidades en la línea de gestión de riesgos y manejo de emergencias, así como la reanudación temprana de las operaciones después de los desastres. En este contexto, las agencias gubernamentales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil poseen la capacidad para proporcionar este apoyo.
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