Spanish Sme’s In Latin America: Export Barriers
Main Article Content
Keywords
sme, internationalization theories and foreign market entry, exports, factor analysis.
Abstract
The main aim of this article is to check if the relative importance attributed to the different export barriers varies as a function of the firm’s export destination. To reach that goal, we analyzed 463 responses from a population of small and medium enterprises, through a dimensionality reduction procedure to composite factors, from a list of 26 possible individual barriers, obtained after reviewing the existing literature on export barriers. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used. Results for the region are compared with those to other destination markets in the European Union, Africa and the rest of the world. And the results confirm partially, the existence of differences of export barriers perceptions as a function of the firm’s export destination. Some results from individual barriers are also described.
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References
Arteaga-Ortiz, J., & Fernández-Ortiz, R. (2010). Why don’t we use the same export barrier measurement scale? An empirical analysis in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420.
Babbie, E. (1995). The Practice of Social Research. Belmont: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
Bauerschmidt, A., Sullivan, D., & Gillespie, K. (1985). Common factors underlying barriers to export: A comparative study in the US paper industry. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(3), 111-123.
Bilkey, W. J. (1978). An attempted integration of the literature on the export behavior of firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 9(1), 33-46.
Bodur, M. (1986). A study on the nature and intensity of problems experienced by Turkish exporting firms. Advances in International Marketing, 1, 205-232.
Bruneckiene, J., & Paltanaviciene, D. (2012). Measurement of export competitiveness of the Baltic States by composite index. Engineering Economics, 23(1), 50-62. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1218
Christensen, C. H., Da Rocha, A., & Gertner, R. (1987). An empirical investigation of the factors influencing export success of Brazilian firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 18(3), 61-77.
Chung, H. (2003), International standardization strategies: The experience of Australian and New Zealand firms operating in the greater China markets. Journal of International Marketing, 11(3), 48-82.
Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A., & Donath, B. (2004). Mastering Global markets: Strategies for Today’s Trade Globalist. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
Da Silva, P. A. (2001). Perception of export barriers to Mercosur by Brazilian firms. International Marketing Review, 18(6), 589-613. doi: 10.1108/EUM0000000006296
Fernández-Ortiz, R., Arteaga-Ortiz, J., & Mihi Ramírez, A. (2012). How does management perceive exporting? An empirical study of SMEs. Engineering Economics, 23(2), 200-209. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.23.2.1547
George, D., & Mallery, P. (1995). SPSS/PC + Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Gripsrud, G. (1990). The determinants of export decisions and attitudes to a distant market: Norwegian fishery exports to Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 21(3), 469-485.
Hise, R. T. (2001). Overcoming exporting barriers to Mexico. Marketing management, 10(1), 52-55.
Jiménez Castillo, D., Estrella Ramón, A. M., Ruiz Real,
J. L., & Sánchez Pérez, M. (2013). Análisis de los efectos moderadores de la inversión en I+ D y la experiencia exportadora sobre la relación entre barreras a la exportación e intensidad exportadora bajo distintos niveles de turbulencia ambiental percibida. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 16(2), 95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.cede.2012.06.004
Joliet, R., & Hubner, G. (2003). Firm internationalization and systematic risk: a multinational approach. Manuscrito inédito. Recuperado de http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228876279_Firm_Internationalization_and_Systematic_Risk_a_multidimensional_approach
Julian, C., & Ahmed, Z. (2005). The impact of barriers to export on export marketing performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 19(1), 71-94. doi: 10.1300/J042v19n01_05
Karakaya, F. (1993). Barriers to entry in international markets. Journal of Global Marketing, 7(1), 7-24. doi: 10.1300/J042v07n01_02
Kaynak, E., & Kothari, V. (1984). Export behaviour of small and medium sized manufactures: Some policy guidelines for international marketers. Management International Review, 24(2), 61-68.
Kedia, B. L., & Chhokar, J. (1986). Factors inhibiting export performance of firms: An empirical investigation. Management International Review, 26(4), 33-43.
Leonidou, L. C. (1995). Export barriers: non-exporters perceptions. International marketing review, 2(1), 4-25.
Leonidou, L. C., Katsikeas C. S., & Coudounaris, D. (2010). Five decades of business research into exporting: A bibliographic analysis. Journal of International Management, 16(16), 78-91.
Martin, O., & Drogendijk, R. (2014). Country distance (COD): Development and Validation of a new objective measure. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 102-125. doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12035
Mayo, M. A. (1991). Ethical problems encountered by U.S. small businesses in international marketing. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(2), 51-58.
Mittelstaedt, J. D., Harben, G. N., & Ward, A. W. (2003). How Small Is Too Small? Firm size as a Barrier to Exporting from the United States. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 68-84. doi: 10.1111/1540-627X.00067
Morgan, R. E., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1997). Obstacles to Export Initiation and Expansion. The International Journal of Management Science, 25(6), 677-693. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0483(97)00035-2
Ortega, E. (1990). Manual de Investigación Comercial. Madrid: Pirámide.
Ortega, E., & González, L. (2000). La internacionalización a través de la exportación. (España y las empresas de la comunidad de Madrid). Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-prensa.
Papadopoulos, N., & Martin, O. (2010). Toward a model of the relationship between internationalization and export performance. International Business Review, 19(4), 388-406. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.02.003
Peter, J. P. (1981). Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practice. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), 133-145.
Pinho, J. C., & Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 254-272. doi: 10.1007/s10843-010-0046-x
Rabino, S. (1980). An examination of barriers to exporting encountered by small manufacturing companies. Management of International Review, 20(1), 67-73.
Ramaswami, S. N., & Yang, Y. (1990). Perceived barriers to exporting and export assistance requirements. En S. T. Cavusgil & M. R. Czinkota (Eds.), International perspectives on trade promotion and assistance (pp. 187-206). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Rocha, A., Freitas, Y., & Silva, J. (2008). Do perceived barriers change over time? A longitudinal study of Brazilian exporters of manufactured goods. Latin American Business Review, 9(1), 102-108. doi: 10.1080/10978520802189328
Root, F. R. (1987). Entry strategies for international markets. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company.
Scheffé, H. (1953). A Method for Judging all Contrasts in an Analysis of Variance. Biometrika, 40(1-2), 87-110. doi: 10.1093/biomet/40.1-2.87
Schroath, F. W., & Korth, C. M. (1989). Managerial barriers to the internationalization of U.S. property and liability insurers: Theory and Perspectives. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 56(4), 630-648.
Serra, F., Pointon, J., & Abdou, H. (2012). Factor influencing the propensity to export: A study of UK and Portuguese textile firms. International Business Review, 21(2), 210-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.006
Sharkey, T. W., Lim, J. S., & Kim, K. J. (1989). Export development and perceived export barriers: An empirical analysis of small firms. Management, International Review, 29(2), 33-40.
Tvaronaviciene, M. (2006). Investment driving forces affecting Lithuanian economic growth. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 7(2), 69-76. doi: 10.1080/16111699.2006.9636125
Travkina, I., & Tvaronavièiene, M. (2011). Export Competitiveness and Domestic Productivity Facets: Case of Lithuania. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(1), 49-68. doi: 10.3846/16111699.2011.555360
Trakarnthai, P., & Netwong, W. (2010). Internationalization Process of Thai Office Furniture Company in India. Master Tesis. MIMA-International Business and Entrepreneurship, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology. Disponible en: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:328853/FULLTEXT01
Tukey, J. W. (1953). The Problem of Multiple Comparisons. Mimeographed Notes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Uner, M., Kocak, A., Cavusgil, E., & Cavusgil, S. (2013). Do barriers to export vary for born globals and across stages of internationalization? An empirical inquiry in the emerging market of Turkey. International Business Review, 22(5), 800-813. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.12.005
Venkatraman, N., & Grant, J.H. (1986). Construct Measurement in Organizational Strategy Research: A Critique and Proposal. Academy of management Review, 11(1), 71-87. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1986.4282628
Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. (2002). International market selection strategies selected by “micro” and “small” firms. The International Journal of Management Science, 30(1), 51-68. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0483(01)00056-1
Yang, Y. S., Leone, R. P., & Alden, D. L. (1992). A market expansion ability approach to identify potential exporters. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 84-96.
Young, S. (1987). Business strategy and the internationalization of business: Recent approaches. Managerial and Decision Economics, 8(1), 31-40. doi: 10.1002/mde.4090080107
Zaheer. S., Schomaker, M. S., & Nachum, L. (2012). Distance without direction: restoring credibility to a much-loved construct. Journal of International Business Studies, 43, 18-27. doi: 10.1057/jibs.2011.43
Zeng, S., Shen, Q., Tam, C., & Wan, T. (2010). Internationalization paths of Chinese firms: Evidences from an emerging economy. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(2), 297-315. doi: 10.3846/jbem.2010.15
Babbie, E. (1995). The Practice of Social Research. Belmont: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
Bauerschmidt, A., Sullivan, D., & Gillespie, K. (1985). Common factors underlying barriers to export: A comparative study in the US paper industry. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(3), 111-123.
Bilkey, W. J. (1978). An attempted integration of the literature on the export behavior of firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 9(1), 33-46.
Bodur, M. (1986). A study on the nature and intensity of problems experienced by Turkish exporting firms. Advances in International Marketing, 1, 205-232.
Bruneckiene, J., & Paltanaviciene, D. (2012). Measurement of export competitiveness of the Baltic States by composite index. Engineering Economics, 23(1), 50-62. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1218
Christensen, C. H., Da Rocha, A., & Gertner, R. (1987). An empirical investigation of the factors influencing export success of Brazilian firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 18(3), 61-77.
Chung, H. (2003), International standardization strategies: The experience of Australian and New Zealand firms operating in the greater China markets. Journal of International Marketing, 11(3), 48-82.
Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A., & Donath, B. (2004). Mastering Global markets: Strategies for Today’s Trade Globalist. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
Da Silva, P. A. (2001). Perception of export barriers to Mercosur by Brazilian firms. International Marketing Review, 18(6), 589-613. doi: 10.1108/EUM0000000006296
Fernández-Ortiz, R., Arteaga-Ortiz, J., & Mihi Ramírez, A. (2012). How does management perceive exporting? An empirical study of SMEs. Engineering Economics, 23(2), 200-209. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.23.2.1547
George, D., & Mallery, P. (1995). SPSS/PC + Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Gripsrud, G. (1990). The determinants of export decisions and attitudes to a distant market: Norwegian fishery exports to Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 21(3), 469-485.
Hise, R. T. (2001). Overcoming exporting barriers to Mexico. Marketing management, 10(1), 52-55.
Jiménez Castillo, D., Estrella Ramón, A. M., Ruiz Real,
J. L., & Sánchez Pérez, M. (2013). Análisis de los efectos moderadores de la inversión en I+ D y la experiencia exportadora sobre la relación entre barreras a la exportación e intensidad exportadora bajo distintos niveles de turbulencia ambiental percibida. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 16(2), 95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.cede.2012.06.004
Joliet, R., & Hubner, G. (2003). Firm internationalization and systematic risk: a multinational approach. Manuscrito inédito. Recuperado de http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228876279_Firm_Internationalization_and_Systematic_Risk_a_multidimensional_approach
Julian, C., & Ahmed, Z. (2005). The impact of barriers to export on export marketing performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 19(1), 71-94. doi: 10.1300/J042v19n01_05
Karakaya, F. (1993). Barriers to entry in international markets. Journal of Global Marketing, 7(1), 7-24. doi: 10.1300/J042v07n01_02
Kaynak, E., & Kothari, V. (1984). Export behaviour of small and medium sized manufactures: Some policy guidelines for international marketers. Management International Review, 24(2), 61-68.
Kedia, B. L., & Chhokar, J. (1986). Factors inhibiting export performance of firms: An empirical investigation. Management International Review, 26(4), 33-43.
Leonidou, L. C. (1995). Export barriers: non-exporters perceptions. International marketing review, 2(1), 4-25.
Leonidou, L. C., Katsikeas C. S., & Coudounaris, D. (2010). Five decades of business research into exporting: A bibliographic analysis. Journal of International Management, 16(16), 78-91.
Martin, O., & Drogendijk, R. (2014). Country distance (COD): Development and Validation of a new objective measure. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 102-125. doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12035
Mayo, M. A. (1991). Ethical problems encountered by U.S. small businesses in international marketing. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(2), 51-58.
Mittelstaedt, J. D., Harben, G. N., & Ward, A. W. (2003). How Small Is Too Small? Firm size as a Barrier to Exporting from the United States. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 68-84. doi: 10.1111/1540-627X.00067
Morgan, R. E., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1997). Obstacles to Export Initiation and Expansion. The International Journal of Management Science, 25(6), 677-693. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0483(97)00035-2
Ortega, E. (1990). Manual de Investigación Comercial. Madrid: Pirámide.
Ortega, E., & González, L. (2000). La internacionalización a través de la exportación. (España y las empresas de la comunidad de Madrid). Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-prensa.
Papadopoulos, N., & Martin, O. (2010). Toward a model of the relationship between internationalization and export performance. International Business Review, 19(4), 388-406. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.02.003
Peter, J. P. (1981). Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practice. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), 133-145.
Pinho, J. C., & Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 254-272. doi: 10.1007/s10843-010-0046-x
Rabino, S. (1980). An examination of barriers to exporting encountered by small manufacturing companies. Management of International Review, 20(1), 67-73.
Ramaswami, S. N., & Yang, Y. (1990). Perceived barriers to exporting and export assistance requirements. En S. T. Cavusgil & M. R. Czinkota (Eds.), International perspectives on trade promotion and assistance (pp. 187-206). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Rocha, A., Freitas, Y., & Silva, J. (2008). Do perceived barriers change over time? A longitudinal study of Brazilian exporters of manufactured goods. Latin American Business Review, 9(1), 102-108. doi: 10.1080/10978520802189328
Root, F. R. (1987). Entry strategies for international markets. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company.
Scheffé, H. (1953). A Method for Judging all Contrasts in an Analysis of Variance. Biometrika, 40(1-2), 87-110. doi: 10.1093/biomet/40.1-2.87
Schroath, F. W., & Korth, C. M. (1989). Managerial barriers to the internationalization of U.S. property and liability insurers: Theory and Perspectives. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 56(4), 630-648.
Serra, F., Pointon, J., & Abdou, H. (2012). Factor influencing the propensity to export: A study of UK and Portuguese textile firms. International Business Review, 21(2), 210-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.006
Sharkey, T. W., Lim, J. S., & Kim, K. J. (1989). Export development and perceived export barriers: An empirical analysis of small firms. Management, International Review, 29(2), 33-40.
Tvaronaviciene, M. (2006). Investment driving forces affecting Lithuanian economic growth. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 7(2), 69-76. doi: 10.1080/16111699.2006.9636125
Travkina, I., & Tvaronavièiene, M. (2011). Export Competitiveness and Domestic Productivity Facets: Case of Lithuania. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(1), 49-68. doi: 10.3846/16111699.2011.555360
Trakarnthai, P., & Netwong, W. (2010). Internationalization Process of Thai Office Furniture Company in India. Master Tesis. MIMA-International Business and Entrepreneurship, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology. Disponible en: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:328853/FULLTEXT01
Tukey, J. W. (1953). The Problem of Multiple Comparisons. Mimeographed Notes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Uner, M., Kocak, A., Cavusgil, E., & Cavusgil, S. (2013). Do barriers to export vary for born globals and across stages of internationalization? An empirical inquiry in the emerging market of Turkey. International Business Review, 22(5), 800-813. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.12.005
Venkatraman, N., & Grant, J.H. (1986). Construct Measurement in Organizational Strategy Research: A Critique and Proposal. Academy of management Review, 11(1), 71-87. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1986.4282628
Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. (2002). International market selection strategies selected by “micro” and “small” firms. The International Journal of Management Science, 30(1), 51-68. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0483(01)00056-1
Yang, Y. S., Leone, R. P., & Alden, D. L. (1992). A market expansion ability approach to identify potential exporters. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 84-96.
Young, S. (1987). Business strategy and the internationalization of business: Recent approaches. Managerial and Decision Economics, 8(1), 31-40. doi: 10.1002/mde.4090080107
Zaheer. S., Schomaker, M. S., & Nachum, L. (2012). Distance without direction: restoring credibility to a much-loved construct. Journal of International Business Studies, 43, 18-27. doi: 10.1057/jibs.2011.43
Zeng, S., Shen, Q., Tam, C., & Wan, T. (2010). Internationalization paths of Chinese firms: Evidences from an emerging economy. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(2), 297-315. doi: 10.3846/jbem.2010.15
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May 22, 2014
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Arteaga-Ortiz, J., Fernández-Ortiz, R., & Clavel San Emeterio, M. (2014). Spanish Sme’s In Latin America: Export Barriers. AD-Minister, (24), 53–78. Retrieved from https://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/administer/article/view/2345
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Author Biographies
Jesús Arteaga-Ortiz, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Ph.D. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaRubén Fernández-Ortiz, University of La Rioja
Ph.D. Universidad de La Rioja, EspañaMónica Clavel San Emeterio, International University of La Rioja
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